Search Results: ALP blood test normal range

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that is involved in a wide range of processes and is found in many parts of the body, particularly the liver and bones with smaller amounts in the intestines. Each of these body parts makes different forms of ALP.ALP is typically measured as part of Liver Function Tests (LFTs). This is a standard group of tests that is routinely used to check the health of t... (Search score: Best result match found)

ALP
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in high levels in bone and liver with smaller amounts found in the intestines. Small amounts of ALP are also found in the placenta of pregnant women. Each of these body parts makes different forms of ALP. In conditions affecting the liver, damaged cells in the liver release increased amounts of ALP into the blood. This test is often used to detect bloc... (Search score: Partial relevance)

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in high levels in bone and liver with smaller amounts found in the intestines. Small amounts of ALP are also found in the placenta of pregnant women. Each of these body parts makes different forms of ALP. In conditions affecting the liver, damaged cells in the liver release increased amounts of ALP into the blood. This test is often used to detect bloc... (Search score: Partial relevance)

LFT (Liver function tests)
Your liver is one of the most important organs in your body.It has a central role in digesting food and removing harmful substances. It breaks down nutrients into forms that are easier for your body to use. It also breaks down and removes waste products and substances that could be harmful.It makes bile, which is a fluid that helps break down fats making it easier for your digestive system to proc... (Search score: Low relevance)

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found mainly in the liver. Normally, you only have low levels in your blood. If your liver is injured or the flow of bile is blocked, the GGT level rises. Measuring the levels of GGT in your blood is a useful test for detecting bile duct problems.If your doctor suspects you may have liver problems, they will usually order a standard group of blood tests... (Search score: Low relevance)

Calcium
Calcium is an electrolyte. Electrolytes are minerals that have an electric charge when dissolved in water or blood. In your body, they help regulate many systems including heart rhythms, nerves and muscles. They are also involved in helping maintain the amount of fluid and the acidbase balance in your body.Only about one percent of calcium circulates in your blood and the rest is stored in your b... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood gases - venous
Blood gas testing measures the amount of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in your blood. It also assesses the acidity of your blood your acidbase balance or pH level.You could have blood gas tests to investigate any one or more of a wide range of health conditions. These include:problems with your lungs and breathing such as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),asthma,kidney disord... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood gases (arterial)
Blood gases testing measures the amount of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in your blood. It also assesses the acidity of your blood your acidbase balance or pH level.You could have blood gas tests to investigate any one or more of a wide range of health conditions. These include:problems with your lungs and breathing such as in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),kidney disorders,u... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Albumin
Blood plasma is the liquid part of the blood. A paleyellow fluid, it represents about half of the content of whole blood, and it contains water, salts and proteins. Many proteins float in the plasma and albumin is by far the most common of these. It represents more than half of the plasmas total protein content. Albumin is made in the liver.Blood contains red cells, white cells and platelets which... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Phosphate
Phosphorus is a mineral that is found in many foods. Your body needs it for many essential functions including building strong bones and teeth, nerve and cell function, energy storage and cell and tissue growth.You get phosphorous through your diet, and it is absorbed into your body through the small intestine. Once in the body, almost all phosphorus is combined with oxygen, which changes it to ph... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vitamin B12 and folate
Your body needs vitamin B12 (also known as cobalamin) and folate (also known as vitamin B9) to form and repair red blood cells, nerve cells and brain cells. They are also critical in making your DNA.Your body does not make vitamin B12 or folate which means you must get them from your diet.A healthy adult typically has enough B12 stored to last about three to five years. Since folate is stored in t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PoCT (Point of care testing)
When you see a doctor and they order some blood tests, a specimen of your blood will be taken and the sample will go off to a laboratory to be analysed along with many other patient samples. As well as doing all the tests on your blood sample, the laboratory, depending upon its size, will generally have the capability to handle a wide range of different tests, possibly on hundreds or thousands of ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Full blood count
Your blood is made up of Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White blood Cells (WBCs) and platelets. These float in fluid called plasma.A tube of blood before and after centrifugation, a process that separates the different components of the blood. The solid part of bloodRed blood cells (RBC)These contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen to all tissues of the body. The scientific term is erythrocytes.White bl... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Red cell antibody screen
Blood is made up of different cells including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in a liquid called plasma. All cells have protein markers called antigens on their surface. The surface of every red blood cell is coated with these marker antigens. Everyone has their own set of antigens which are inherited from their parents. There about 30 blood group types, but A, B, AB an... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bilirubin
Bilirubin is an orangeyellow waste product that is made during the bodys normal process of breaking down old red blood cells. It is processed by your liver and stored along with other waste products in a fluid called bile. If your liver is healthy, most of the bilirubin from your body is removed through your bile ducts, the tubes that carry bile from your liver. If your liver is damaged or your bi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Iron studies
Your body needs iron for daily activities, growth and development. It uses iron to make haemoglobin in red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen through the bloodstream from the lungs and release it to where it is needed in the body. Iron in red blood cells. Our bodies cannot make iron. It must be absorbed from our diet or from supplements. The amount of iron we absorb is decided by our bodys... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
ALT is an enzyme found mostly in the liver although smaller amounts are also found in the kidneys, heart and muscles.Normally, ALT levels in the blood are low but raised levels often indicate liver injury or inflammation. This usually occurs before more obvious symptoms of liver damage can be seen.ALT is typically measured as part of Liver Function Tests (LFTs). This is a standard group of tests t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
GGT is an enzyme found mainly in the liver and is normally present in low levels in the blood. When the liver is injured or the flow of bile is obstructed, the GGT level rises. It is therefore a useful marker for detecting bile duct problems. The GGT test helps to detect liver disease and bile duct injury. Doctors can also use the test to help find out the reason for a raised level of alkaline pho... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Creatinine
Measuring levels of creatinine is often part of a routine blood test if you have nonspecific health complaints that your doctor suspects could be to do with your kidneys. The test is also used at regular intervals to monitor treatment for kidney disease.Creatinine results from the normal wear and tear of your muscles.  It is a byproduct of a chemical called creatine that is found in muscle cel... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Microalbumin (Albumin-creatinine ratio)
The albumincreatinine ratio (ACR) test is used to see how well your kidneys are working.It does this by measuring the level of a protein called albumin in your urine.Albumin is found in large amounts in the blood.Your kidneys filter your blood and normally only a tiny amount of albumin leaks into your urine.If your kidneys are damaged, they allow too much albumin to pass through.The test also meas... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

UACR
The albumincreatinine ratio (ACR) test is used to see how well your kidneys are working.It does this by measuring the level of a protein called albumin in your urine.Albumin is found in large amounts in the blood.Your kidneys filter your blood and normally only a tiny amount of albumin leaks into your urine.If your kidneys are damaged, they allow too much albumin to pass through.The test also meas... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Glucose
GlucoseAll parts of the body need energy to work. Our main source of energy is glucose. Our body makes glucose from the food we eat and drink. Food molecules are broken down into sugars and absorbed in the small intestine then converted into glucose in the liver and circulated throughout the body. InsulinTo be able to use glucose, your body needs insulin. This is a hormone made in the pancreas... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Electrolytes, urea and creatinine
U&E is a commonly ordered group of tests performed on the same sample of blood that checks how well your kidneys are working. Typically, it includes:UreaCreatinineeGFRSodiumPotassiumBicarbonate Urea and creatinine are waste products.Your kidneys filter your blood, removing waste and water to make urine. The urine flows from your kidneys to your bladder to be disposed of. Healthy kidneys filter ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Coagulation profile (blood clotting)
If your medical team suspects you may have a clotting or bleeding problem one or both of two tests are usually ordered. These are:APTTPT/INRIt is likely that you will also have a Full blood count. If the results of these tests are not normal, a range of different tests can be used to gain further information. The choice of tests will depend on what your medical team is investigating but you could ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Coagulation (blood clotting) factors
Specific clotting factor tests are used to help investigate bleeding or blood clotting disorders. They are usually ordered:after you have had other blood tests, such as a PT/INR and/or an APTT test, that have given abnormal results.if you have a family health history of clotting disorders some coagulation factor problems are inherited, although this is rare.if you have a health condition such as ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

C-reactive protein
Inflammation is a vital part of your immune systems response to injury and infection. It helps start the healing process by increasing blood flow to the affected area. This causes redness, warmth and swelling. However, inflammation can also be a sign that you have a health problem somewhere in your body, and it occurs in many different illnesses. Tests for inflammation are among some of those most... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates calcium levels in your blood and keeps them stable. It is made by the parathyroid glands that sit just behind your thyroid gland at the base of your neck.Calcium is one of the most important minerals in your body and is needed for building bones, teeth, blood vessels, muscles and nerves. It is important that levels are kept in balance not too high or too low bu... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides)
Lipid profile tests are used to predict your risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as heart disease and stroke in the next 5 or 10 years.The tests measure different types of cholesterol together with triglycerides in a sample of your blood. Cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids, or fats. CholesterolCholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance found in every cell of your body and... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood group antibody screen
Blood is made up of different cells including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets suspended in a liquid called plasma. All cells have protein markers called antigens on their surface. The surface of every red blood cell is coated with these marker antigens. Everyone has their own set of antigens which are inherited from their parents. There are about 30 blood group types, but A, B, A... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

eGFR (Estimated glomerular filtration rate)
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measurement of how well your kidneys are working. Your kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from your blood and the glomeruli are the tiny filters in your kidneys that do this.They filter your blood and remove wastes and excess fluid from your body which are disposed of as urine. For more on the way your kidneys work, and the other tests used to assess th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Iron
This test measures the amount of iron in serum, the liquid portion of your blood. Testing iron alone is not useful in assessing how much iron is in your blood or being stored in your body. This is because the amount of iron in your blood varies throughout the day.For this reason, a group of tests is performed called Iron Studies. Usually, this includes:FerritinSerum ironTransferrinTransferrin satu... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ionised calcium
Only about one percent of calcium circulates in your blood and the rest is stored in your bones and teeth. If there is too much or too little calcium in your blood, it may be a sign that you could have any one of a wide range of medical conditions. For more information see Calcium.There are many forms of calcium but the two main forms of calcium in your blood are free calcium, also called ionised ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Free T4 (thyroxine)
Your thyroid is a small gland at the base of your throat. It uses iodine from your diet to make hormones that regulate many of your bodys metabolic processes your bodys processes for breaking down food and converting it into energy. How your thyroid is working affects how fast you burn calories, your heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature. If you dont have enough thyroid hormones in you... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver but also in red blood cells, heart and other muscles. If your liver, red blood cells, heart or muscle cells are injured they release AST into the blood. Normally, you have low levels of AST in your blood. When your liver or other cells that contain AST are damaged, they release AST. This can lead to high AST levels in your blo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Kidney function tests
There is not one type of kidney disease, rather, many different conditions that can cause a reduction in kidney function.Any disease that affects the blood vessels, such as diabetes, high blood pressure and hardening of the arteries. Kidney infection or even an infection thats occurring in another other part of the body.The tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder can become blocked by a kidn... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CK (Creatine kinase)
CK or creatine kinase is an enzyme that helps produce energy in muscles. Enzymes are substances that help speed up chemical reactions in the body. CK mostly works in skeletal muscles (the muscles that are attached to bones and tendons) and the heart (which is also a muscle) but it is also found in small amounts in other parts of the body, including the brain and the gut.Normally, levels of CK in t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Transferrin and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
Your body needs iron for daily activities, growth and development. It uses iron to make haemoglobin in red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen through the bloodstream from the lungs and release it to where it is needed in the body. Iron in red blood cells. Our bodies cannot make iron. It must be absorbed from our diet or from supplements. The amount of iron we absorb is decided by our bodys... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
The ESR test is an easy, inexpensive, nonspecific test that has been used for many years to help diagnose conditions associated with inflammation, including infections, cancers and autoimmune diseases. The ESR is said to be nonspecific because it cannot show exactly where the inflammation is in your body or what is causing it. Also, ESR results can be affected by many other health conditions besid... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thyroid Function Tests
Your thyroid is a small gland at the base of your throat. It uses iodine from your diet to make hormones that regulate many of your bodys metabolic processes your bodys processes for breaking down food and converting it into energy. How your thyroid is working affects how fast you burn calories, your heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature. If you dont have enough thyroid hormones in you... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Immunoglobulin E Total (Allergy)
An allergy is when your immune system reacts to something that is usually harmless.Allergy tests are done to work out what you are allergic to and how severe your reaction is.Although having higher than normal numbers of IgE antibodies in your blood can indicate an allergy, there can be other causes. IgE antibody testing can help in making a diagnosis, but it cannot give a conclusive result by it... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Prothrombin time (Internationalised normalised ratio)
Prothrombin is a protein made by your liver that plays a key role in blood clotting. It is one of several clotting factors your body uses to stop bleeding. If you do not have enough prothrombin, or if it is not functioning properly, it takes longer for your blood to clot.Clotting is a normal part of healing. When you have an injury and it starts to bleed, your body triggers a sequence of chemical ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ferritin
Your body needs iron for daily activities, growth and development. It uses iron to make haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that gives them their colour, and which carries oxygen through the bloodstream. It also helps provide oxygen to muscles and helps make some hormones.  The haemoglobin in red blood cells carries oxygen throughout the body Our bodies cannot make iron. It must be ab... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

White cell count
Measurement of the White Cell Count (WBC) is usually part of a Full Blood Count (FBC). For more information about the components that make up blood, including white blood cells, where they are made and their various functions, see Full Blood Count. Your doctor may request you have a WBC count to:As part of a general health screen,Help diagnose an infection, allergy, or leukaemia and to monitor th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Prostate specific antigen
PSA is a protein made by the prostate cells. Its job is to liquefy semen. Small amounts leak into the bloodstream where it can be measured. In most prostate cancer, more PSA gets into the blood than normal. However, other noncancerous conditions, activity and medications can also cause PSA levels to rise.PSA is measured to screen for prostate cancer, and to monitor the response to treatment in peo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cervical co-test
Screening and monitoring of cervical cancer can sometimes need two tests. The cervical screening test is used as the initial screening test. This test checks for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection which causes almost all cervical cancers. Depending on your clinical history and the result of your HPV test, it may be necessary to perform a second test. This test is called the cervical cotest or ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bone markers
Bone is a living, growing tissue that is constantly rebuilding itself replacing old weak bone with new fresh bone tissue. To do this the body breaks down and dissolves old bone into minerals and collagen and then resorbs this while at the same time growing new bone. In order to keep bones healthy it is important that the amount of bone that is removed is replaced with the same amount of new bo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bone markers
Bone is the rigid, hard connective tissue that comprises the majority of the skeleton in humans. It is a living, growing tissue that turns over at a rate of about 10% a year. Bone markers are blood and urine tests that detect products of bone remodelling to help determine if the rate of bone resorption and/or formation is abnormally increased, suggesting a potential bone disorder. The markers can ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Urate (Uric Acid)
Uric acid is a waste product that your body makes when it breaks down substances called purines. Purines are naturally found in your bodys cells and most of the uric acid in your blood has been released from your cells when they die as part of their natural lifecycle. Purines are also in food, especially sugary drinks, and sweets (due to high amounts of fructose) as well as red meat, liver and kid... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Beta HCG quantitation
Beta hCG is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Beta hCG can first be found in your blood and urine at about 10 to 11 days after conception (the point when a sperm fertilises an egg). Your beta hCG levels are the highest towards the end of your first trimester (10 weeks of pregnancy), then become lower for the rest of your pregnancy.Level of beta hCG during pregnancy in the weeks ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

D-dimer
Ddimer is part of one of the proteins found in your blood when a blood clot is dissolved. It is normally undetectable and only seen when a clot is breaking down.Clotting is a normal part of healing. When you have an injury and it starts to bleed, your body triggers a sequence of clotting steps to create a blood clot to plug the hole. To do this, threads of a protein called fibrin are made.These th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone (GH) is essential for normal growth and development. It induces growth in nearly every tissue and organ in the body. Although better known for its role in building muscle and bone, it affects many body systems.GH is integral to metabolism the chemical processes that change the food we eat into energy and as part of this affects glucose and lipid (cholesterol and triglycerides) lev... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Your thyroid is a small gland at the base of your throat. It uses iodine from your diet to make hormones that regulate many of your bodys metabolic processes your bodys processes for breaking down food and converting it into energy.  How your thyroid is working affects how fast you burn calories, your heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature. If you dont have enough thyroid hormones in... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood culture
Septicaemia is when an infection enters your bloodstream. Sepsis is a lifethreatening medical emergency when you have a severe response to an infection.In sepsis, your immune system, which normally protects you from infection, turns on your own body and damages your tissues and organs. This can lead to permanent tissue damage, organ failure and death.If your immune defences and white blood cells c... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
AMH is a hormone made by reproductive tissues including egg follicles. A follicle is a small sac of fluid in the ovaries that contains the developing egg.The total number of healthy, immature eggs in the ovaries is called the ovarian reserve. You are born with a lifetime supply of eggs. At birth, you have about one million eggs which decreases naturally during childhood to about 500,000. Only a sm... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Platelet count
Clotting is a normal part of healing. When you have an injury, and a blood vessel starts to bleed your body triggers a series of chemical interactions to create a blood clot and plug the hole.Platelets (thrombocytes) are tiny plateshaped cells that circulate in your blood. They become activated and travel to the area where they change their shape by growing long tentacles. They become sticky and s... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus that attacks and injures the liver. Infections by hepatitis C can range from being mild to a more severe form which can last for years and can eventually lead to liver cancer.In most cases, it is contracted through exposure to blood, usually from sharing contaminated needles while injecting drugs or, before 1990, through a blood transfusion.... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Calcium, phosphate and magnesium
Calcium, phosphate and magnesium are some of the most important minerals in your body.They are electrolytes, which are minerals that have an electric charge when dissolved in water or blood. In your body, electrolytes help regulate many systems including heart rhythms, nerves and muscles. They are also involved in helping maintain the right amount of fluid and the acidbase balance in your body.Mo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

BCR-ABL1
The abnormal BCRABL1 gene is made when two separate genes, BCR and ABL, merge together and become one gene in a process called gene fusion. This altered gene is seen in people who have certain types of blood cancer: chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)some cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) acute myeloid leukaemia (rarely). A quick look at genes and chromosomesGenes give the instructions to ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipase
Lipase helps your body digest fats. It is an enzyme that is mostly made in your pancreas with a small amount made in your salivary glands and stomach. When you eat, lipase flows from your pancreas to your small intestine where it helps to digest fats. It is also important in maintaining cell permeability, that is, allowing the cell wall to let nutrients easily flow in and to let waste easily flow ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HbA1c
All parts of the body need energy to work. Our main source of energy is glucose. Our body makes glucose from the food we eat and drink. Food molecules are broken down into sugars and absorbed in the small intestine where they travel to the liver to be converted into glucose and circulated throughout the body.To be able to use glucose, the body needs insulin, a hormone made in the pancreas. Insulin... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Urea (blood and urine)
Urea is a waste product which is formed when your body breaks down protein. Proteins are built from molecules called amino acids. As amino acids are metabolised, they release ammonia and nitrogen which are highly toxic. It is important to remove nitrogen from your body, and to do this, your liver converts the ammonia and nitrogen it into urea, which is less toxic.Your kidneys filter your blood, re... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV serology
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that affects your immune system. It damages a type of immune cell called CD4 cells (also known as Thelper cells). These cells help your body stay healthy by fighting off disease. They identify, attack and destroy bacteria, fungi and other viruses that infect the body.HIV kills CD4 cells. The number of CD4 cells gradually declines as the HIV disease pro... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cervical screening test
The cervical screening test detects human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus or womb, and looks for cell changes that can occur as a result. HPV infection is very common. Most people who are sexually active will be infected by HPV at some time. It usually clears up naturally, like a cold or the flu, but sometimes the infection persists.There are many differ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bicarbonate
When you breathe, you bring oxygen (O2) into your lungs and release carbon dioxide (CO2). The bicarbonate test measures the total carbon dioxide in your blood which is present in three forms: carbonic acid, carbon dioxide dissolved in blood, andbicarbonate, the dominant form.Your body needs bicarbonate to help keep a normal acidbase (pH) balance. Bicarbonate also works together with sodium, po... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Testosterone
Testosterone is the main male sex hormone. Females also have it but in smaller amounts. It is one of several androgens (male sex hormones) in both men and women. Testosterone causes the changes that occur in boys during puberty. It helps the development of masculine features including the growth of the penis and testicles, facial and public hair, increased muscle and bone strength and the deepenin... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Insulin
All parts of the body need energy to work. Our main source of energy is glucose. Our body makes glucose from the food we eat and drink. Food molecules are broken down into sugars and absorbed in the small intestine then converted into glucose in the liver and circulated in the blood throughout the body.To be able to use glucose, your body needs insulin. This is a hormone made in the pancreas, and ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is made in the pituitary gland and plays an important role in sexual development in children and fertility in adults.In females, FSH is essential for the growth of eggs in the ovaries.FSH works with another hormone, luteinising hormone (LH), to regulate the menstrual cycle (periods).The level of FSH varies throughout the menstrual cycle and is highest just before... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HFE mutations
Haemochromatosis is a relatively common genetic disease in people whose ancestors came from northern Europe. It occurs because of inherited gene mutations. A number of genes contain the DNA code involved in the regulation of iron uptake by cells in the liver and intestines.If you have haemochromatosis, your body absorbs more iron that it needs. It is important that you are diagnosed because, if l... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Genome-wide chromosome microarray testing
The genome is the term used to describe all the genetic information in a person or other living organism.  The information is in the form of DNA, which is stored in tightly packed bundles in chromosomes.  These are found in the nucleus of your cells. Chromosomes are normally present in 23 pairs, with a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell.  We get one copy of each chromosome from our m... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Valproate level (valproic acid test)
Valproic acid is the generic name of a widely used type of antiseizure medicine. Valproate is the name of valproic acid after it has changed into the form that works in the body. Several antiseizure medicines are changed into valproate. If your doctor has suggested that you take valproic acid, this test will be used regularly to make sure that the amount of valproate in your blood is at the right ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Calprotectin faeces
Inflammation is an important part of the bodys immune response to potentially harmful substances it starts the healing process. It occurs naturally in the intestines as a part of dealing with unwanted bacteria and potentially poisonous substances. The lining of the intestines is designed to manage this with some cells activating inflammation and others turning it off. In someone with inflammatory... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) tests
Most people check to see if they have a COVID19 infection by doing a rapid antigen test (RAT) at home. If you have a positive RAT result, contact your doctor who might suggest you have a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. RATsThese tests are useful if you need a quick result. They are commercial test kits that can be bought in pharmacies and supermarkets and are made free to concession card hol... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HCG (Human chorionic gonadotrophin)
hCG is a protein hormone produced in the placenta of a pregnant woman. A pregnancy test is a specific blood or urine test that can detect hCG and confirm pregnancy. This hormone can be detected by a blood test as early as one week after conception or by a urine test at around the time of the first missed menstrual period.hCG production doubles about every 48 hours for the first month of a pregnanc... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA)
CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is found in very small amounts in the tissue of babies in the womb. By the time the baby is born, detectable levels in the blood have disappeared. Healthy adults produce little or no CEA but levels are higher in people with chronic inflammatory conditions such as chronic liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and chronic lung dise... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Electrolytes
Cells use electrolytes to transmit electrical impulses internally and externally, to other cells. In this way, the nerves, heart and muscles can create nerve impulses and muscle contractions that contribute to vital body functions such as heart rhythms. The main electrolytes that are tested for are:Sodium (salt)Potassium Chloride BicarbonateHaving too much or too little of any of these electrolyte... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Triglycerides
Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body and a main source of energy. Most triglycerides are found in body fat, and some circulate in the blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesnt need into triglycerides, which are stored in your fat cells. Later, your body releases triglycerides for energy between meals.Triglyceride levels are affected by diet. Higher amount... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

FIB-4 liver fibrosis test
Metabolic dysfunctionassociated fatty liver disease or MAFLD is a condition in which your body stores a lot of fat in your liver. This is due to ongoing health issues such as obesity, diabetes and high blood pressure. Previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the term MAFLD was introduced to better reflect the underlying cause.Over time, excess fat in your liver can causes infl... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Free T3 (triiodothyronine)
Your thyroid makes hormones that are important for many of your bodys functions. How your thyroid is working affects your metabolism, heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature.  Metabolism refers to all the physical and chemical processes in the body that convert or use energy for breathing, blood circulation, body temperature control, brain and nerve function and more.There are two mai... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Apolipoprotein B-100
Cholesterol and triglycerides are types of fats, also called lipids, that are essential for many of your bodys functions. They cannot be dissolved in water and so they need help to move through the blood, as blood is a liquid. They are processed in the liver where they are packaged with proteins into lipoproteins. This enables them to move through blood rather than rising to the top, like oil on w... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Crossmatch
If you need to have a blood transfusion it is important that you are given donor blood that is compatible with your own to avoid reactions to the blood you are receiving and possible severe illness. The laboratory will identify your blood group and look to see if you have any additional red cell antibodies. With this information they will select the blood most compatible with your own. Selecting t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PoCT (Point of care testing)
When you see a doctor and they order some blood tests, a specimen of your blood will be taken and the sample will go off to a laboratory to be analysed along with many other patient samples. As well as doing all the tests on your blood sample, the laboratory, depending upon its size, will generally have the capability to handle a wide range of different tests, possibly on hundreds or thousands of ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

NIPT (Non-invasive prenatal testing)
NIPT is used to assess the risk of a baby being affected by Down syndrome or other common chromosomal disorders. NIPT can detect an extra copies of chromosome 21 (Down syndrome), chromosome 18, chromosome 13 and extra or missing copies of the the sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes).Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of our cells. They contain most of our DNA. Each cell normally contains 2... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Helicobacter pylori
These tests are looking for evidence of an infection by Helicobacter pylori bacteria. This is now known to be the main cause of peptic ulcer disease although not all people who are infected go on to develop symptoms. H. pylori lives in the lining of your stomach and in the first part of the small intestine. It is the most common infection in the world and about half of all Australians are esti... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Full blood count
The full blood count (FBC) is one of the most commonly ordered tests and provides important information about the kinds and numbers of cells in the blood: red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. Abnormalities in any of these types of cells can indicate the presence of important medical disorders.Blood is composed of a variety of living cells that circulate through the heart, ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Hypertension is persistently high pressure in the arteries that can, over time, cause damage to organs such as the kidneys, brain, eyes and heart. It is therefore a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke) and chronic kidney disease and it is important to detect and treat hypertension early.Arterial blood pressure, the amount of force ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a type of waxy fat that performs a range of important functions in the body. We cannot live without cholesterol. Its found in every cell in our body and involved in a whole host of vital processes. All the cholesterol you need is made in your liver, and the rest comes from foods you eat.Cholesterol cannot be dissolved in water and so it needs help to move through the blood, as blood... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipoprotein (a)
Cholesterol and triglycerides are fats and therefore cannot be dissolved in water. They need help to move them through the blood, as blood is a liquid, and so are processed in the liver where they are packaged up with proteins into round particles called lipoproteins. This enables it to move through blood rather than rising to the top, like oil on water. In this way, they travel to organs and tiss... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Epstein-Barr virus antibodies
EBV is a type of herpes virus that causes an infection which is very common. As many as 95 per cent of adults in the world have been infected at some point in their lives.Once someone has been exposed to the virus there is an incubation period of several weeks before symptoms start. Symptoms gradually lessen over the following weeks but the virus itself stays in the body for the rest of t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)
Aspartate aminostransferase (AST) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver, red blood cells, heart and other muscles. When liver, red blood cells, heart or muscle cells are injured, they release AST into the blood. Testing for AST is usually done to detect liver damage.AST levels can be examined alongside other levels of liver enzymes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine transaminase (ALT... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is an enzyme found mostly in the liver smaller amounts are also found in the kidneys, heart and muscles. Under normal conditions, ALT levels in the blood are low. When the liver is damaged, ALT is released into the blood stream, usually before more obvious symptoms of liver damage occur, such as jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin). The ALT test detects liver in... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

LDL cholesterol
Lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is often termed bad cholesterol because it deposits excess cholesterol in artery walls creating a narrowing of the arteries.LDLcholesterol is included in the Lipid Profile group of tests which measures different types of cholesterol and another form of fat, called triglycerides.The lipid profile test is used to predict your risk of developing CVD in the nex... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thyroid antibodies
Your thyroid is a small gland at the base of your throat. It uses iodine from your diet to make hormones that regulate many of your bodys metabolic processes your bodys processes for breaking down food and converting it into energy. How your thyroid is working affects how fast you burn calories, your heart rate, blood pressure and body temperature.There are two main hormones produced by the thyro... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Apolipoprotein A-1
Cholesterol and triglycerides are fats and therefore cannot be dissolved in water. They need help to move through the blood, as blood is a liquid, and so are processed in the liver where they are packaged up with proteins into lipoproteins. This enables it to move through blood rather than rising to the top, like oil on water. In this way, they travel to organs and tissues where and when they are ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Digoxin level
Digoxin is a medication that is used to treat heart failure and irregular heart rhythms, known as atrial fibrillation. It strengthens the contractions of the heart and helps it to pump blood more efficiently. In this way, it can lessen the strain on the heart and control the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.Under normal circumstances, if you have heart disease or irregular heartbeat, you will be p... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Oestradiol (oestrogen)
Oestrogens are a group of sex hormones made by both females and males but made in larger amounts by females.Oestradiol is the main form of oestrogen and important for the development of female sex organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb) and vagina, as well as breasts. Menstruation, pregnancy and menopause are all influenced by oestradiol.It is also made by males, although at ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lupus anticoagulant
Lupus anticoagulant is a protein that increases the risk of developing blood clots in both the veins and arteries. These clots may block blood flow in any part of the body, leading to strokes, heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, deep vein thrombosis, and to recurrent foetal loss, especially in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters (thought to be related to clotting in placental blood vessels). The lupus anti... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PGx (Pharmacogenomics testing)
PGx is a new area of testing that can help your doctors make decisions about the medication you are being prescribed to ensure that it is safe and effective.When your doctor prescribes medications, they choose the type and dose that usually works for most people with your condition. However, each of us responds differently to medications because of our genetic makeup. You inherit your genes from ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A infection is caused by the hepatitis A virus that attacks and injures your liver. Infections by hepatitis A can range from being mild to a more severe acute illness but unlike hepatitis B or C, it does not lead to ongoing illness, cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) or liver cancer.Symptoms usually start from about two to six weeks after infection and can include:FatigueNausea and vomiti... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Magnesium
Magnesium is an electrolyte that is found in every cell of your body. Electrolytes are minerals that have an electric charge when dissolved in water or blood. In your body, they help regulate many systems including heart rhythms, nerves and muscles. They are also involved in helping maintain the amount of fluid and the acidbase balance in your body.About half of the bodys magnesium is combined wi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Creatinine clearance
Creatinine comes from the normal wear and tear of your muscles. It is a byproduct of a chemical called creatine that is found in muscle cells and is used to produce the energy needed to contract muscles. Creatine breaks down as a matter of course and becomes creatinine.As a waste product, creatinine is filtered by your kidneys. Almost all of it is filtered from your blood by your kidneys and passe... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Influenza (flu) tests
Flu is often confused with the common cold but they are caused by different viruses. Their symptoms can be similar and both can cause headaches, fever, chills, muscle pains, exhaustion, a stuffy or runny nose, sore throat, and a cough. However, the symptoms of flu are usually more severe and longer lasting and can lead to serious complications especially in the very young, the elderly, people from... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Luteinising hormone (LH)
Luteinising hormone (LH) is made in the pituitary gland and plays an important role in sexual development in children and fertility in adults.In females:LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It works together with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to trigger the egg follicles to produce oestradiol.At about midcycle there is a surge of FSH and LH and this is followed by ovulation the release of t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antinuclear Ab
AntibodiesYour immune system fights harmful things such as bacteria and viruses by making antibodies. In autoimmune disorders, you make antibodies that mistakenly attack your own body. These are called autoantibodies.Autoimmune disorders have a systemic effect on the body and are very complex. There are many different types of autoimmune disorders. Levels of certain autoantibodies are raised with ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Urine dipstick and microscopy (Urinalysis)
Your urine is made of water containing substances that are the waste products from the normal functions of your body. Your kidneys make urine when they filter your blood. In some health conditions there are substances in your urine that shouldnt be there or are there in higher amounts than they should be.Urinalysis assesses the appearance, concentration and content of your urine to help detect a w... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

AFP (Alpha fetoprotein)
Cancer cellsAFP is made by certain cancers. It is a protein that stimulates cancer cells to grow while stopping them from dying. It also helps a cancer to spread from where it first started to other parts of the body. This process is called metastasis.Normally, in someone who is healthy, AFP is hardly detectable in a blood sample, but levels can be high when there are tumour cells in the body. AFP... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Amino acids
Aminoacidopathies are inherited disorders in which an enzyme or transport protein responsible for the breakdown of food is not working properly. This is caused by a mutation in the gene responsible for the particular amino acid. Amino acids build up in the body and this can have an impact on normal growth and development. More than 30 aminoacidopathies have been described in medical literatu... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a virus that can infect and damage the liver. In most cases, it is contracted through exposure to blood (usually from sharing contaminated needles while injecting drugs or, before 1990, through a blood transfusion. It can also be passed from mother to baby. Other ways it can occasionally be transmitted include needlestick injuries in a healthcare setting, tattooing, body piercing an... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
Most DHEAS is made in the adrenal glands, the two small glands that are located just above your kidneys. Smaller amounts are made in the testicles and ovaries.If your DHEAS levels are not normal, it may mean there is a problem with your adrenal glands, testicles or ovaries.DHEAS has an important role in making the male sex hormone testosterone and the female sex hormone oestrogen. Measuring the le... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CA19-9 (Cancer antigen 19-9)
CA 199 is a protein that is found on the surface of certain cells in the pancreas and other internal organs. Healthy people have low levels of CA 199 in their blood. However, pancreatic cancer cells produce high levels of CA 199 making it useful as a tumour marker to follow the course of pancreatic cancer.CA 199 is high in most people with advanced pancreatic cancer but it can als... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Deamidated Gliadin Antibody (Coeliac Disease Test)
Coeliac disease is an inherited autoimmune disorder in which your immune system responds to gluten or other proteins in wheat, rye, barley and oats and mistakenly attacks the lining of your small intestine.The tiny fingerlike projections, called villi, that line the walls of your intestine become inflamed and flattened making it more difficult for your body to absorb nutrients from food.Your immun... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vitamin D
Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium and phosphate from your diet. You need this to build healthy bones and teeth. Without it, your bones would be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves normally. Vitamin D has been found to be important in keeping your immune system, heart, nervous system and muscles healthy.There are two forms of vitamin D. These are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. Vitam... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
Sex hormone bindingglobulin (SHBG) helps control the amount of sex hormones that are actively working in your body. If you have tests to check hormones levels, especially testosterone, your doctors will very often order SHBG tests at the same time in case your results show that a free androgen index calculation is needed.Testosterone (male sex hormone) and oestradiol (female sex hormone) are in yo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ionised calcium
Calcium is one of the most important minerals in the body. It is essential for the proper functioning of muscles, nerves and the heart and is required in blood clotting and in formation of bones. About 99% of it is found in the bones, while the remainder circulates in the blood. Roughly half of the calcium is referred to as free and is active. The remaining half is bound calcium. It is attached to... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Rheumatoid factor (RF)
Rheumatoid factors are autoantibodies. Your immune system fights harmful things including bacteria and viruses by making antibodies. If you have an autoimmune disorder, your immune system is making antibodies that mistakenly attack your own body. These are called autoantibodies.Autoimmune disorders have a systemic effect on the body and are very complex. Diagnosing them is challenging and can take... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ammonia
The liver is one of the most important organs in your body. It is essential for digesting food and changes the nutrients and chemicals in the blood into forms that are easier for your body to use. It detoxifies drugs and other substances that could be harmful and removes them from the blood. If your liver is not working properly, it cannot filter waste and remove harmful toxins from your body. On... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Direct antiglobulin test
Antigens are molecules found on the surface of red blood cells. They are inherited from your parents and the type you have determines your blood type. The basis of how blood is classified in groups according to the antigens on your blood cells is explained in the test called blood group antibody screen.Red blood cells have a lifespan of about 120 days. Your body must be constantly making new ones ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood gases (arterial)
Blood gas tests tell your doctor if you have enough oxygen in your blood and whether your blood is too acidic (acidosis) or too alkaline (alkalosis). Blood gas tests directly measure:pH a measure of the level of hydrogen ion (H), which indicates the acidbase status of your blood. The pH of your blood decreases (becomes more acidic) with increased amounts of CO2 and other acids, and the pH increas... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2) mutation
The Janus Kinase 2 or JAK2 gene provides instructions for making the JAK2 protein, which promotes cell growth and division and is especially important for controlling blood cell production from stem cells located within the bone marrow. This test looks for mutations in JAK2 that are associated with bone marrow disorders caused by an overproduction of blood cells.The bone marrow disorders caused by... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid
Chlamydia is an infection caused by bacteria and is one of one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is generally transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner. Anyone can get chlamydia.Left untreated, chlamydia can lead to serious longterm health problems. If you are a woman, the infection can cause pelvic inflammatory disease which can lead to infertility an... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid
Gonorrhoea is an infection caused by bacteria and is one of one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is generally transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner.Testing for gonorrhoea is important because most people with the infection have no symptoms and can pass it on to sexual partners long after they first become infected.Left untreated, gonorrhoea can le... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gonorrhoeae
Gonorrhoea is an infection caused by bacteria and is one of one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is generally transmitted through sexual contact with an infected partner.Testing for gonorrhoea is important because most people with the infection have no symptoms and can pass it on to sexual partners long after they first become infected.Left untreated, gonorrhoea can le... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Protein electrophoresis
Our bodies are made up of thousands of different proteins. They are the building blocks of all cells and tissues, and they also make up enzymes and some hormones that regulate bodily functions. They are continually being replaced with new proteins.Your doctor may request a protein electrophoresis test:if they suspect you may have a condition that is associated with abnormal protein production or, ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HDL cholesterol
Highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is often termed good cholesterol because it is known that people who have higher levels of HDLcholesterol have a lower risk of heart disease and stroke.HDLcholesterol picks up excess cholesterol from tissues and artery walls and carries it back to the liver for disposal (called reverse cholesterol transport). By removing cholesterol from artery walls, HDL ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Reticulocyte count
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells produced in the bone marrow. This test measures the number and percentage of reticulocytes in the blood and serves as an indicator of the adequacy of bone marrow red blood cell (RBC) production.The bone marrow must continually produce new red blood cells to replace those that age and degrade or are lost through bleeding. New red blood cells are produced a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Monospot or infectious mononucleosis test
Glandular fever or infectious mononucleosis is relatively common with symptoms that include fever, sore throat, swollen glands, and fatigue. In young adults it can usually be diagnosed during the acute or initial phase of the infection using the monospot also known as the Infectious Mononucleosis screening test.The test measures the heterophile antibodies that your body makes to the EpsteinBarr vi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Syphilis
Primary, secondary and tertiary syphilisTesting for syphilis can be requested by your doctor or clinic if you:have an ulcer or sore on your genitals or in your throat,are being treated for another sexually transmitted disease, such as gonorrhoea,are at special risk, such as being in close contact with a known case of infectious syphilis,are planning a pregnancy or as part of screening during pregn... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus that attacks and injures the liver. Infections by hepatitis B can range from being mild to a more severe form which can last for years and can eventually lead to liver cancer.More than half of people with hepatitis B do not have symptoms which means they do not know they have it and can pass on the infection to other people. However, hepatit... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood film
A blood film examination allows the evaluation of white blood cells (WBCs, leucocytes), red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). These cell populations are produced and mature in the bone marrow and are eventually released into the bloodstream as needed. WBCs main function is to fight infection, while RBCs carry oxygen to the tissues. Platelets appear as small cell fragm... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Activated partial thromboplastin time
The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT or PTT) is a functional measure of the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade. When blood vessel walls or body tissues are injured, bleeding occurs and a process known as haemostasis initiates. Platelets (small cell fragments) stick and clump at the site of the injury. When this happens, the coagulation cascade begins and coagulatio... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

APTT
The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT or PTT) is a functional measure of the intrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade. When blood vessel walls or body tissues are injured, bleeding occurs and a process known as haemostasis initiates. Platelets (small cell fragments) stick and clump at the site of the injury. When this happens, the coagulation cascade begins and coagulatio... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Beta-2-microglobulin
Beta2microglobulin (B2M) is a protein that is found on the surface of almost all cells in the body and is shed by cells into the blood, particularly by B lymphocytes and tumour cells. It is present in most body fluids and its level rises with conditions that increase cell production and/or destruction, or that activate the immune system. This test measures B2M in the blood, urine or rarely, in the... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

SARS-Cov-2 Serology (COVID-19 Antibody)
The virus that causes COVID19 is called SARSCoV2 and is one of a family of viruses of that cause respiratory (lung and airway) infections called coronaviruses. SARS stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome.When your body is infected by a virus, your immune system makes antibodies to fight it. Antibodies to SARSCoV2 are made from about two weeks after your symptoms appear. Also, when you are va... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Glucose
Glucose is a sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body. The carbohydrates we eat are broken down into glucose (and a few other sugars), absorbed by the small intestine and circulated throughout the body. Most of the bodys cells require glucose for energy production the brain and nervous system cells rely on glucose for energy, and can only function when glucose levels in the bloo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cyclosporin
This test measures the amount of cyclosporin in the blood. Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressive drug used to dampen the bodys natural defences. When patients undergo an organ transplant, their immune system recognises the graft as a foreign substance and will begin to attack it just as it would any invasive bacteria or virus. Cyclosporin affects the ability of certain white blood cells in the immun... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Phenytoin level
This test measures the amount of phenytoin in the blood. Phenytoin is a drug that is used to treat some seizure disorders (also called epilepsy). Seizure disorders affect the brains ability to transmit electrical impulses and to regulate nerve activity. During a seizure, a patient may experience changes in consciousness, alterations in sight, smell, and taste, and may experience uncontrolled muscu... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)
HER2 stands for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This is a gene that codes for a particular growth factor receptor which is part of normal cell growth. In HER2 positive cancers there are too many gene copies which causes cancer cells to grow quickly.In the past, HER2positive breast cancers were associated with an increased risk of recurrence and a poorer outcome. However, the use of Herce... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

C-peptide
Your pancreas releases Cpeptide into the bloodstream as a byproduct when it makes insulin. The same amounts of insulin and Cpeptide are released into your bloodstream at the same time. Cpeptide doesnt make any difference to your blood glucose levels, but it stays in your blood longer than insulin. Because it is in your blood longer, measuring Cpeptide is a more reliable way of finding out how much... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV genotypic resistance
Genotypic resistance testing looks for mutations in the virus that are known to cause resistance to specific antiviral medications. HIV mutates almost every time a new copy of the virus is made, but not every mutation causes resistance. If your treatment isnt working and a known mutation is detected your medication will need to be changed. By continuing with the same medication, the mutated virus ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lithium
This test measures the amount of lithium in the blood. Lithium is a drug that is used to treat bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that is characterised by cycles of depression and mania. These cycles may be as short as a few days or weeks or may be months or years long. During a depressive episode, those affected may feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and lose interest in daily a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Anti Factor Xa
This test measures the amount of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the blood by measuring antiXa activity. Heparin is an anticoagulant, a drug that inhibits blood clotting. Heparin molecules vary in size and activity. UFH includes a broad range of sizes, while LMWH consists of a narrower range of smaller heparin molecules. There are several types of LMWH availa... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thiopurine methyltransferase (TMPT)
Thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) is an enzyme that breaks down (metabolises) a class of drugs called thiopurines. These drugs are used to suppress the immune system and are prescribed to treat various immunerelated conditions or blood disorders (e.g., leukaemia). The activity level of the TPMT enzyme, or the genetics underlying the enzymes activity, is tested before thiopurine drug therapy to m... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Heart disease
Heart disease is a general term that refers to a variety of acute and chronic medical conditions that affect one or more of the components of the heart. The heart is a muscular, fistsized organ that is located in the left side of the chest cavity. It continuously pumps blood, beating as many as 100,000 times a day. The blood that the heart moves carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gentamicin level
Gentamicin is an antibiotic that is used to treat serious bacterial infections. It belongs to a group of antibiotics called aminoglycosides.These infections are often caused by gramnegative or grampositive bacteria. For more see Gram stain. Gentamicin is used for serious infections for which other antibiotics may not work. It is given given as an injection often over many weeks depending on the le... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Calcium
Plasma calcium is tested to screen for, diagnosis, and monitor a range of conditions relating to the bones, heart, nerves, kidneys and teeth. Plasma calcium levels do not directly tell how much calcium is in the bones, but rather, how much calcium is circulating in the blood.A total calcium level is often measured as part of health screening. It is sometimes included in the E/LFT panel of tests bu... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Mitochrondrial antibody
This test measures the amount of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in the blood. The production of AMA is strongly associated with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). PBC is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation and scarring of the bile ducts inside the liver. It is found most frequently in women between the ages of 35 and 60. PBC blocks the flow of bile and causes progressive liver damage... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Crossmatch
A crossmatch is a group of tests undertaken before a person requires a blood transfusion. The transfusion laboratory completes a blood group antibody screen to establish the persons blood group and identify any possible red cell antibodies that may be present in their blood. Once completed, the transfusion laboratory then matches these results to compatible donor blood that can be safely transfuse... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Reproductive Carrier Screening
Chromosomes are found in the nucleus of most of the cells in our bodies. They are the packaging for our DNA. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes one set comes from the father and one from the mother. This consists of 22 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes and one pair of chromosomes that determine gender called sex chromosomes.Typically, males have one X and one Y sex chromosome while females h... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Protein urine
The protein urine test measures the amount of protein being excreted in the urine. Elevated levels may be seen temporarily with conditions such as infections, stress, pregnancy, diet, cold exposure, or heavy exercise. Persistent protein in the urine suggests possible kidney damage or some other condition that requires additional testing to determine the caue.There are several different kinds of pr... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Tuberculosis screening tests
Tuberculosis (TB) screening tests help to determine whether a person has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, the cause of TB. The screening tests measure the bodys immune response to antigens derived from the bacteria either directly as a skin reaction to a tuberculin skin test (TST) or indirectly with an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test.TB, once called consump... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

RSV
RSV stands for respiratory syncytial virus. It is an infection of your respiratory tract which includes your lungs, nose and throat.RSV is very common and spreads easily, especially in the autumn and winter months. It mostly affects children, but anyone can get it. In most people, the symptoms are similar to the common cold but more serious symptoms such as severe coughing, wheezing, difficulty br... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Respiratory syncytial virus nucleic acid
RSV stands for respiratory syncytial virus. It is an infection of your respiratory tract which includes your lungs, nose and throat.RSV is very common and spreads easily, especially in the autumn and winter months. It mostly affects children, but anyone can get it. In most people, the symptoms are similar to the common cold but more serious symptoms such as severe coughing, wheezing, difficulty br... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

FMR1 (Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1) mutation
The FMR1 gene contains the DNA code to produce a protein called FMRP. This protein is present in a variety of tissues but is especially important in the brain. FMRP is essential for proper brain development and seems to play a role in ensuring that the connections between nerve cells, known as synapses, develop and function properly.The FMR1 gene is carried on the X chromosome. Males who have only... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Troponin T
Your heart is a muscle that pumps blood throughout your body. Your blood carries oxygen which is needed by your body all the time. For your heart to function properly, it must have a continuous supply of blood. In a heart attack (or myocardial infarction), one of the arteries supplying blood to your heart becomes blocked. This means that blood flow is reduced or stopped entirely, the heart muscle ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Valproate level
This test measures the amount of valproate in the blood. Valproate is a drug that is used primarily to treat some types of seizure disorders (also called epilepsy), but is also prescribed to treat bipolar disease and to prevent migraine headaches. It may be prescribed in combination with other antiepileptic drugs such as phenytoin or phenobarb to control certain kinds of seizures.Seizure disorders... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV serology
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) by slowly destroying the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to debilitating infections. There are two types of HIV, HIV1 and HIV2. HIV2 is rarely encountered in Australia but is more common in West Africa. These HIV screening tests detect antibodies to both HIV1 and HIV2 in the blood. Antibodies to HIV are ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood group antibody screen
A blood group antibody screen is a group of tests that includes the ABO and RhD blood groups, a blood group antibody screen and identification of any blood group antibodies present.Red blood cells have chemical structures (most commonly proteins or carbohydrates) on the outside surface of the red blood cell. These chemical structures usually have a defined function such as determining the shape of... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Digoxin level
Digoxin is a drug used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. This test measures the amount of digoxin in the blood. Heart failure, including congestive heart failure (CHF), causes the heart to become less effective at circulating blood. As a result, blood backs up into the legs, hands, feet, lungs and liver, causing swelling, shortness of breath and fatigue.Digoxin is prescribed to al... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

FH (Familial hypercholesterolaemia) genetic test
If you are being investigated to see if you have familial hypercholesteraemia (FH) and you are the first person in your family to be tested, you will have had several lipid profile tests that have consistently shown that you have high levels of lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.The lipid profile is a common test that is used to assess your risk of heart disease, heart attack or stroke. It m... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Sodium
This test measures the level of sodium in blood. Sodium is an electrolyte present in all body fluids and is vital to normal body function. It works to regulate the amount of water in the body, and to control blood pressure by keeping the right amount of water available (in some people, too much sodium from salt in the diet can contribute to high blood pressure). Your body tries to keep your blood ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Calprotectin faeces
Calprotectin is a protein released by a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil. When there is inflammation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, neutrophils move to the area and release calprotectin, resulting in an increased level in the stool. This test measures the level of calprotectin in stool as a way to detect inflammation in the intestines.Intestinal inflammation is associated with inf... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lactate
This test measures the amount of lactate in the blood or more rarely in the cerebrospinal fluid. Lactate is the ionic (electrically charged) form of lactic acid. It is produced by muscle cells, red blood cells, brain and other tissues during anaerobic energy production, that is energy production by breaking down foods without using any oxygen in the process. Lactate is usually present in low level... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

UTI (Urinary tract infection) testing
Urine is one of the bodys waste products. It is produced in the kidneys and collected in the bladder until you urinate. Urine in the bladder is normally sterile it contains no organisms. However, if bacteria or yeasts get into the urinary tract, they can multiply and cause a UTI.Bacteria are found on the skin and around the opening of the urethra the tube through which the urine leaves the body.... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Prostate specific antigen
Blood is being tested for the level of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) it contains. PSA is a protein produced mainly by cells in the prostate, a small gland that encircles the urethra in males and produces a fluid that makes up part of semen. Most of the PSA that the prostate produces is released into this fluid, but small amounts of it are also released into the bloodstream. PSA exists in two for... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Kidney function tests
A kidney function panel is a group of tests that may be performed together to evaluate kidney (renal) function. The tests measure levels of various substances, including several minerals, electrolytes, proteins, and glucose (sugar), in the blood to determine the current health of your kidneys.The kidneys are a pair of beanshaped organs located at the bottom of the ribcage to the right and left of ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Phenobarbitone
This test measures the level of phenobarbitone (or phenobarb) in the blood. Phenobarb is a barbiturate, a highly addictive, sedating drug that depresses the nervous system. Doctors usually prescribe phenobarb to stop or prevent seizures. Phenobarb is often prescribed to treat epilepsy and other seizure disorders because the drug stabilises electrical activity in the brain. A related drug, primidon... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Carbamazepine level
This test measures the amount of carbamazepine in the blood. Carbamazepine is a drug that is primarily used to treat certain seizure disorders (also called epilepsy) but is also prescribed to stabilise the moods of patients with bipolar disease and to help alleviate some types of nerve pain. It may be prescribed by itself or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs. Seizure disorders affect t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Occult blood faeces
FOBT is offered as a screening test for the early detection of bowel cancer in people who do not have symptoms of bowel cancer. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) recommend FOBT screening every two years for people over 50. If you have symptoms of bowel cancer you should see your doctor without delay. The FOBT checks for small amounts of blood that are not visible by eye. A p... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is involved in many different functions throughout the body. It is best known for priming your body to respond to stress the fight or flight response. It also helps control your bodys use of fats, proteins and carbohydrates, reduces inflammation, regulates blood glucose levels and keeps blood pressure stable. It also plays a role in making sex hormones.Cortisol ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Red cell antibody screen
An antibody screen is commonly performed as part of a group of tests that includes ABO and RhD blood group, a blood group antibody screen and a crossmatch.Red blood cells have chemical structures (most commonly proteins or carbohydrates) on the outside surface of the red blood cell. These chemical structures usually have a defined function such as determining the shape of the cell or assisting wit... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fibrinogen
What happens when an injury occurs Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor, a protein that is essential for blood clot formation. It is produced by the liver and released into the circulation as needed along with over 20 other clotting factors. Normally, when a body tissue or blood vessel wall is injured a process called the coagulation cascade activates these factors. As the cascade nears completion, ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Blood culture
Blood cultures are done to detect and identify bacteria and yeasts (a type of fungus) in the blood. Some bacteria prefer oxygen (aerobes), while others thrive in a reduced oxygen environment (anaerobes). Blood cultures are usually drawn into two types of media to detect both types of bacteria. If your blood culture is positive, the specific bacteria causing the infection will be identified and ant... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Double stranded DNA antibody
This test measures the amount of antibody to doublestranded deoxyribonucleic acid (antidsDNA) that may be present in the blood. AntidsDNA is an autoantibody, produced when a persons immune system fails to distinguish between self and nonself cellular components. It mistakenly targets and attacks the bodys own genetic material, causing inflammation, tissue damage, and other signs and symptoms that ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

von Willebrand factor
Von Willebrand factor (vWF) testing measures the quantity of the protein present in the blood and how well it functions. vWF is a bloodclotting protein and one of several components that work together and in sequence to stop bleeding by forming a blood clot. Normally, when a blood vessel is damaged, vWF first forms an adhesive bridge between activated cell fragments known as blood platelets and th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cerebrospinal fluid examination
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear watery liquid filtrate that is formed by the choroid plexus, special tissue that has many blood vessels and lines the small spaces or chambers (ventricles) in the brain. CSF flows around the brain and spinal cord, surrounding and protecting them. CSF is continually produced, circulated and then absorbed into the blood system. About 500 mL is produced each day. ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Plasma free metanephrines
The plasma free metanephrines test measures the amount of metanephrine and normetanephrine in the blood. These substances are metabolites of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are catecholamine hormones that help regulate the flow and pressure of blood throughout the body and play important roles in the bodys response to stress. They are produced in the medulla (interior) o... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Chromosome studies
Chromosome studies can help to diagnose certain genetic conditions, sometimes explain the cause of certain cancers or reoccurring miscarriages.PrenatalIf an ultrasound screening test during pregnancy identifies possible physical changes of the developing baby, a chromosome test may be required using cells from the amniotic fluid or a chorionic villus sample (CVS) to detect a condition such as Down... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Immunophenotyping
Immunophenotyping detects the presence or absence of white blood cell (WBC) antigens. These antigens are protein structures found on the surface or interior of WBCs and are unique to specific cell types and stages of cell maturation. Atypical but characteristic groupings are seen with specific leukaemias and lymphomas. This allows immunophenotyping to be useful in helping to diagnose and classify ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). By killing or damaging cells of the bodys immune system, HIV progressively destroys the bodys ability to fight infections and certain cancers. People diagnosed with AIDS may get lifethreatening diseases called opportunistic infections, which are caused by microbes such as viruses or bacteria that... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HbA1c
As glucose circulates in your blood, some of it spontaneously binds to haemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in your red blood cells). This combination is called haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The amount of HbA1c formed is directly related to the amount of glucose in your blood. If your diabetes is not well controlled, your blood glucose levels are high, causing higher HbA1c levels. HbA1c levels ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Paracetamol level
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a widely used overthecounter medication for pain relief. If it is used at the correct dose, it is safe for both adults and children. Taking a high dose or taking it for too long can lead to liver damage, which can be fatal. It is important to realise that many medications, including cough and cold preparations, contain paracetamol, making it possible to be taking mor... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are a group of autoantibodies produced when a persons immune system mistakenly targets its own neutrophil proteins. Two of the most commonly targeted proteins are myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3). This results in the production of antibodies to MPO and/or PR3. The ANCA blood test detects the presence or absence of these autoantibodies by loo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Arbovirus testing
Arbovirus (arthropod borne virus) testing detects viral infections that are transmitted from mosquitoes and other bloodsucking insects to humans. Found throughout the world, arboviruses are an important cause of viral meningitis and encephalitis. In temperate climates, they tend to cause occasional seasonal epidemics. In tropical climates, they may be found yearround, whenever mosquitoes are activ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Genital MCS (Genital Microscopy, Culture and Sensitivity)
A genital MCS test is a series of laboratory tests used to diagnose possible infections in the genital area. Microscopy and culture help identify bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms that are causing your symptoms. Sensitivity testing is used to decide on the most effective treatment.Genital MCS tests are commonly used to identify infections such as:Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Insulin
Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps to control blood glucose levels and plays a role in controlling the levels of carbohydrates and fats stored in the body.When blood glucose levels rise after a meal insulin is released by the pancreas. The insulin allows glucose to be taken up by the bodys cells, especially muscle cells, where is it is used for energy production. ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

B-cell immunoglobulin gene rearrangement
This test detects characteristic changes (rearrangements) in specific genes in Bcells. This information can be helpful in diagnosing a Bcell lymphoma. For an explanation of gene rearrangement please see Common Questions How common are Bcell gene rearrangementsBcells are a type of lymphocyte, a type of white blood cell (WBC) that produces antibodies in response to infections (viruses, bacteria or ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Iron studies
Iron is needed to help form adequate numbers of normal red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body. Iron is a critical part of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it as blood travels to other parts of the body. Iron is also needed by other cells, especially muscle (which contains another oxygen binding protein called myoglobin). Low i... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vitamin B12 and folate
These tests measure the concentration of folate and vitamin B12 in the serum or plasma (liquid portion of the blood). Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamin. The amount of folate inside the red blood cell (RBC) may also be measured it will normally be at a higher concentration inside the cell than in the serum and reflect folate level over a longer period. Vitamin B12 and folate are two vitamins ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Inhibin
nhibin tests include separate tests for the two forms of inhibin inhibin A and inhibin B, as well as a test that measures both forms together total inhibin, often simply known as inhibin. Most testing is performed for women. In women who are having trouble becoming pregnant the level of inhibin B may be tested to see if part of the problem is that the ovaries are not working well.In women with s... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

BCR-ABL1
BCRABL1 refers to a fusion gene sequence found in an abnormal chromosome 22 of some people with certain forms of leukaemia.Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes containing inherited genetic information in each cell. These chromosomes are made of DNA, and contain the blueprints in the form of genes for producing the proteins that our bodies rely on to function properly. When there are changes in the ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Occult blood faeces
The faecal occult blood test (FOB) checks for small amounts of blood (not visible by eye) in your stool. Normally, there will not be enough blood lost through the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines) to turn an FOB positive or for you to notice it by looking.A positive FOB will tell your doctor that you have bleeding occurring somewhere in your gastrointestinal tract. This blood loss co... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Erythropoietin
This test measures the amount of erythropoietin in the blood. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. It is created and released into the bloodstream in response to low oxygen levels. Erythropoietin is carried to the bone marrow, where it works to stimulate stem cells to become red blood cells (RBCs). RBCs contain haemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen throughout the bod... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MPL (Myeloproliferative leukaemia) mutation
The MPL gene provides instructions for making the thrombpoetin receptor protein, which promotes cell growth and division and is especially important for controlling blood cell production from stem cells located within the bone marrow. This test looks for mutations in MPL that are associated with bone marrow disorders caused by an overproduction of blood cells. Mutations in the MPL gene account... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Emergency and overdose drug testing
Emergency and overdose drug testing is requested for single drugs or groups of drugs by an A&E or Intensive Care doctor to detect, assess, and monitor someone who has taken a drug overdose. A drug overdose may be caused by a variety of prescription and overthecounter (OTC) medicines, illegal drugs, and household substances. Once inside the body, these substances are often broken down by the liv... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Immunoglobulin E Total (Allergy)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is a protein associated with allergic reactions that is normally found in very small amounts in the blood. IgE functions as part of the bodys immune system (its defence against intruders).When someone with a genetic predisposition to allergies is exposed to a potential allergen such as grass pollen or cat fur for the first time, they may become sensitised. Their body sees th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Catecholamines
The Endocrine Society recommends that a test for plasma free metanephrine or urine metanephrine be used to help detect the presence of phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (catecholaminesecreting tumours). Urine and/or blood tests for catecholamines may be used to help confirm or rule out the presence of these tumours.Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones produced in the medulla (central... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Rheumatoid factor (RF)
This test detects evidence of rheumatoid factor (RF), which is a type of autoantibody. An antibody is a protective protein that forms in the blood in response to a foreign material, known as an antigen (for example a bacterial protein). Autoantibodies, however, are antibodies that attack ones own proteins rather than foreign protein. Rheumatoid factors are autoantibodies directed against the class... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Free light chains
The test measures the amount of free kappa and lambda light chains in the blood and calculates a kappa/lambda ratio. It does this to help detect, diagnose, and monitor conditions associated with an increased production of free light chains (FLC).Kappa and lambda light chains are components of immunoglobulin proteins (Antibodies) which are normally produced by specialised antibody producing cells c... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Whole Genome or Whole Exome Testing for Childhood Syndromes
Whole genome and whole exome sequencing are tests that look for changes in the genetic code that may be able to explain a childs symptoms. They are based on new technology that allows the rapid sequencing of large amounts of DNA. DNA sequencing determines the order of the DNA building blocks in a persons genetic code. In whole genome and whole exome sequencing the building blocks that make up... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is involved in many different functions throughout the body. It is best known for priming your body to respond to stress the fight or flight response. It also helps control your bodys use of food such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates, helps stop inflammation, regulates blood glucose and keeps blood pressure stable. It also has a role in stimulating sex hormon... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antenatal group and screen
Blood cells are classified according to the different proteins or antigens that are on the surface of your blood cells. This is explained fully in the section on Blood Groups.The RhD antigen is important if you are pregnant. If you are RhD negative but the father is RhD positive, your unborn baby may also be RhD positive. Sometimes, RhD negative mothers may produce antibodies to the RhD antigen if... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Tryptase
his test measures the amount of tryptase in the blood. Tryptase is an enzyme that is released, along with histamine and other chemicals, from mast cells when they are activated, often as part of an allergic immune response.Mast cells are large tissue cells found throughout the body, but in highest amounts in the skin, in the lining of the intestine and air passages, and also in the bone marrow. Ma... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ova, Cysts and Parasites faeces
There are a wide variety of parasites that can infect humans and cause a range of symptoms including diarrhoea, which can be bloody and prolonged with mucus in the stool, also abdominal pain, nausea, headaches and fever. Symptoms may not occur until many days or weeks after exposure to the parasite.Most people who are infected by parasites become infected by drinking water or eating food that has ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lyme disease serology
Your blood is being tested for antibodies to the Lyme disease bacterium. When you have these antibodies in your blood, it means that you may have come in contact with the Lyme disease spiral bacterium (spirochete) known as Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by a bite from an infected deer tick also known as the blacklegged tick.This test also measures antibodies to other spiral bacteria, s... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cholinesterase
Cholinesterases are enzymes that are involved in the proper functioning of the nervous system. There are two separate cholinesterase enzymes in the body: (1) acetylcholinesterase, found in red blood cells, lungs, spleen, nerve endings, and grey matter of the brain, and (2) butyrylcholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) found in the serum, liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, and white matter of the brain... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Metanephrines - 24 hr urine
This test measures the amount of metanephrines that are excreted in the urine over a 24hour period. Metanephrines are the inactive metabolites of the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Catecholamines are a group of similar hormones produced in the nervous system and in the medulla (central portion) of the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are small, triang... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Zinc protoporphyrin
The zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) test is a blood test that can identify a disruption in the formation of haem. Haem is an essential component of haemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells (RBC) that carries oxygen from the lungs to the bodys tissues and cells. The formation of haem occurs in a series of enzymatic steps that conclude with the insertion of an iron atom into the centre of a molecule ca... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Immunoglobulins
This test measures the amount of immunoglobulins A, G, and M in the blood and, in certain circumstances, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) . There are numerous conditions and diseases that can cause increased or decreased production of immunoglobulins (Igs).Immunoglobulins play a key role in the bodys immune system. They are proteins produced by specific immune cells (plasma cells and Bcells) in respon... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Direct antiglobulin test
Red blood cells have chemical structures (most commonly proteins or carbohydrates) on the outside surface. These chemical structures usually have a defined function such as determining the shape of the cell or the transport of chemicals into, or out of, the red blood cell. In addition, they determine our blood group. There are over 200 different blood groups known.Our immune system is very good at... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV p24 antigen
The p24 test identifies actual HIV virus particles in blood (p24 is a capsid structural protein which makes up a protein shell on the surface of the HIV virus). However, the p24 test is generally only positive from about two to three weeks after infection with HIV. The p24 protein cannot be detected until about a week after infection with HIV because it generally takes that long for the virus to b... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

INR (International normalised ratio)
The test measures how long it takes for your blood to begin to form clots. Prothrombin is a plasma protein produced by the liver. Clotting is caused by a series of chemical reactions (coagulation cascade), including the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The test used to measure this clotting factor is called prothrombin time or PT. It may be standardised as the International Normalised Ratio ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Copper
This test measures the amount of copper in the blood, urine, or liver tissue (hepatic). Copper is an essential mineral that the body incorporates into enzymes. These enzymes play a role in the regulation of iron metabolism, formation of connective tissue, energy production at the cellular level, the production of melanin (the pigment that produces skin colour), and the function of the nervous syst... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

NIPT (Non-invasive prenatal testing)
There are DNA fragments circulating freely in our bloodstream (also known as cellfree DNA) which are released by cells during normal cell turnover. During pregnancy, a small amount of this DNA comes from the baby in the womb (the fetus), specifically from cells which make up the outer layer of the placenta. Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) measures the amount of DNA from the fetus circulating i... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Haptoglobin
Haemoglobin is a protein that transports oxygen throughout the body necessary to sustain life. It is normally found inside red blood cells (RBCs). Very little is found free circulating except when RBCs are destroyed and their haemoglobin released.Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver. Its job is to find and attach itself to free haemoglobin in the blood. This forms a complex that is rapi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Sickle cell
Blood is tested for the presence of haemoglobin S (HbS), which is a genetic variant of the protein haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is found inside red blood cells (RBCs) and is responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to all of the tissues and organs of the body.Normally haemoglobin exists in various forms (haemoglobin A, haemoglobin A2, and haemoglobin F) that are present in different amounts. One... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Acetylcholine receptor antibody
Acetylcholine receptor (ACHR) antibodies are autoantibodies produced by the immune system that mistakenly target proteins called acetylcholine receptors that are located on skeletal muscle fibres. This test detects and measures ACHR antibodies in the blood.Acetylcholine receptors function as docking stations for acetylcholine, a chemical substance (neurotransmitter) that transmits messages between... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Triglycerides
This test measures the amount of triglycerides in your blood. Triglycerides are the bodys storage form for fat. Most triglycerides are found in adipose (fat) tissue. Some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. Extra triglycerides are found in the blood after eating a meal when fat is being sent from the gut to adipose tissue for storage. Ideally, the test for tr... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cryoglobulin
This test detects and measures the relative quantity of cryoglobulins in the blood. Cryoglobulins are circulating proteins, specifically, immunoglobulins, (i.e., IgG, IgM, IgA or light chains) that clump together (precipitate) when they are exposed to cold and dissolve when warmed. They may be present in small quantities in the blood of healthy people but high levels of cryoglobulins are most freq... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MPL (Myeloproliferative leukaemia) mutation
The MPL gene provides the instructions for making a protein that controls the production of blood cells, especially platelets, which are made in the bone marrow. Mutations to the MPL gene can cause the receptor protein to be constantly switched on which leads to uncontrolled production of blood cells.Your doctor may request an MPL mutation test if they suspect you may have a myeloproliferative neo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Clostridium difficile
This test detects the presence of the toxin produced by Clostridium difficile in fresh or frozen faecal samples. This bacterium is a component of the normal gastrointestinal bacterial flora in up to 65% of healthy infants but only 3% of healthy adults. Clostridium difficile most commonly causes diarrhoea in people who have recently received antibiotics. Antibiotics disrupt the normal gastrointesti... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ferritin
Iron is an integral part of haemoglobin, the red protein that carries oxygen in the blood. An inadequate supply of iron is one cause of a fall in haemoglobin or anaemia.Iron is mainly stored in the protein ferritin, but also in another protein called haemosiderin. Ferritin and haemosiderin are present mostly in the liver, but also in the bone marrow, spleen and muscles. In healthy people, most iro... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

17-Hydroxyprogesterone
17OHP is steroid hormone produced by the adrenal gland as part of the process of making the important hormone cortisol. Several enzymes are required for this process. If a person is born with either not enough of one of these enzymes or an abnormal form of an enzyme, their adrenal gland cannot produce cortisol efficiently. Depending on which enzyme is abnormal, another important hormone, aldostero... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Influenza (flu) tests
Influenza (the flu) is a viral infection that tends to be seasonal, beginning in midlate autumn and disappearing in spring. It is a common respiratory illness (affecting the lungs) that may cause headaches, fever, chills, muscle pains, exhaustion, a stuffy nose, sore throat, and a cough. Symptoms of flu tend to be more severe and longer lasting than the flulike symptoms caused by the common cold. ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Monospot or infectious mononucleosis test
The Monospot test detects heterophile antibodies. Heterophile antibodies are antibodies that react with the cells of other species of animals. The antibodies are made in response to an infection such as by EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) and, much less commonly, in response to some other viral infections, autoimmune diseases and noninfectious conditions.EBV causes infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Renin
Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates the retention of sodium (salt) and water by the kidney and also regulates the excretion of potassium. It plays an important role in the control of blood pressure.Aldosterone is produced by the adrenal glands, located at the top of each kidney. Its production is stimulated by a complex process that includes several other hormones, the most important of these ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Iron
Iron is an essential trace element in your blood. It is necessary for forming healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen through your body, and for some enzymes, which perform tasks in your body. If anaemia is suspected the first test required is a full blood examination. This provides information about the amount of haemoglobin (low in anaemia), size of the red blood cells (small in iron def... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Red blood cell count
This test counts the number of red blood cells (RBC) in a litre of blood. Red blood cells, which are made in the bone marrow, carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells and transport carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. Women tend to have lower RBC counts than men, and levels tend to decrease with age. Changes in RBC are usually associated with changes in haemoglobin levels. If RBC are destro... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Maternal downs screening test
The maternal serum screening tests involve the measurement of different pregnancyassociated hormones, which are found in all pregnancies.Several different biochemical substances are measured in the blood. Which substances are measured depends on the time during pregnancy that the sample was taken. The combinations of tests may be known by different names depending usually on how many tests are mea... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Creatinine clearance
This test measures the concentration of creatinine in both a sample of blood and a sample of urine from a 24hour urine collection. The results are used to calculate the amount of creatinine that has been cleared from the blood and passed into the urine over a 24 hour time period.Creatinine is a chemical derived from creatine, a nitrogencontaining organic compound used by muscles to store and trans... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lead
The test measures the lead concentration in blood. Lead is a metal that is known to be poisonous. In the past, lead was used in paints, petrol, and other household products, and these can still be found, for example, in older housing. Some work activities and hobbies can still expose you to lead. While preventable, lead poisoning remains a public health problem in Australia that can cause irrevers... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Epstein-Barr Virus Antibodies
EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) antibodies are a group of tests that are ordered to help diagnose a current, recent, or past EBV infection. EBV is a member of the herpes virus family. Passed through the saliva, the virus causes an infection that is very common. According to World Health Organisation (WHO), as many as 95% of people in the world adult population has been infected by EBV. After exposure to t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

ALK Mutation (Gene Rearrangement)
An ALK mutation test is usually requested if you have been diagnosed with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) especially adenocarcinoma and your doctor may consider a therapeutic management plan that includes an ALK kinase inhibitor such as crizotinib. NSCLC also includes squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma as well as some rarer types of lung cancer.It is typically requested along with or ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MCS Urine (Urine culture)
Urinary tract infections (UTI) affect the bladder and/or the kidneys. Urine is made by your kidneys and collects in your bladder until you urinate. Normally, urine in the bladder contains no bacteria it is sterile but if bacteria or yeast get into the urinary tract, they can cause an infection.Bladder infections are common, and they mostly happen to women. They are due to bacteria getting into t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MSI (Microsatellite instability)
Lynch syndrome is due to variants in the genes that repair mistakes made when DNA is copied. DNA is present in almost all cells in the body, and it is copied whenever cells replace themselves. Genes that repair mutations in DNA are known as mismatch repair genes. They normally protect you from getting certain cancers.There are four different mismatch repair genes that are responsible for correctin... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Inherited cancer risk - bowel and endometrial cancer
Many different inherited genetic changes, also known as mutations, are known to increase the chance of developing bowel, endometrial and other cancers.Genes are the instructions that tell our body how to function. They are contained within our DNA. We get half our genes from our mother and half from our father, and this genetic makeup does not change throughout our life. Some of these genes work ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Genome-wide microarray testing
Microarray testing is a technique primarily used to investigate someones DNA (their genome) and detect either tiny missing sections, known as microdeletions, or extra duplicated sections, called microduplications.Microarray testing is more sensitive than conventional chromosome studies which uses a microscope known as cytogenetics or karyotyping. Although both techniques are able to examine all c... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
Throughout the world, genital herpes infections are the most common cause of genital ulcers. Genital herpes is not a reportable disease in Australia and so the rates are not accurately known. However, it is estimated that up to 60 per cent of people with genital herpes do not know they are infected because they either dont have any symptoms or else their symptoms are mild. The herpes simplex viru... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Centromere antibody
The anticentromere antibody (ACA) is an autoantibody a protein produced by the immune system that mistakenly targets the bodys own tissues. More specifically, it is one of several antinuclear antibodies and it targets the centromere, a component of the chromosomes found in the nucleus of the bodys cells. The Centromere Ab test detects and measures the amount of anticentromere antibody in the bloo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Potassium
Potassium is present in all body fluids, but most potassium is within your cells, with only a very small amount in the serum or plasma component of the blood. Because the blood concentration of potassium is so small, minor changes have significant consequences. If potassium goes too low or too high, your health may be impaired: you could be at risk of developing shock, respiratory failure, or hear... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Homocysteine
This test determines the level of homocysteine in the blood. Homocysteine is a sulphurcontaining amino acid that is normally present in very small amounts in all cells of the body. Homocysteine is a product of methionine metabolism, and methionine is one of the eleven essential amino acids (amino acids that must be derived from the diet since the body cannot produce them). In healthy cells, homocy... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)-
This test measures antiMullerian hormone (AMH) in the blood. AMH is a hormone produced by reproductive tissues it is produced in the testicles in males and in the ovaries in females. The role of AMH and the amount normally present varies depending upon sex and age.Very early in the development of a male foetus, AMH is produced by the testicles, inhibiting the development of female reproductive org... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vancomycin level
This test measures the concentration of vancomycin in the blood. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that is used to treat serious infections caused by grampositive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus. Developed in the 1950s, vancomycin was originally prescribed primarily when organisms proved resistant to penicillin, or when a person was allergic to penicillin. Its use declined with the introduction of othe... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fructosamine
The fructosamine test is a measurement of glycated protein which is formed by a nonenzymatic reaction of serum proteins with glucose. However, glycated albumin (GA) is the major component of fructosamine because albumin represents 6080% of the total protein in the plasma.. When glucose levels in the blood are elevated over a period of time, glucose molecules permanently combine with haemoglobin fo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Tacrolimus level
This test measures the amount of tacrolimus in the blood. Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is given orally or intravenously to patients who have had a kidney, liver, heart, or other organ transplant. Normally, a persons immune system would recognise the new organ as foreign and begin to attack it. Tacrolimus limits this response and helps to prevent organ rejection by inhibiting the ac... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bicarbonate
When we breathe, we take oxygen from the air into the body, and remove carbon dioxide (CO2), a waste gas produced by cells.  Most of the CO2 in the blood is converted to bicarbonate.  The bicarbonate blood test is also known as total CO2 as it measures the CO2 dissolved in the blood as bicarbonate.Bicarbonate is an electrolyte which is dissolved in the blood. It is important in maintaining... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antithrombin
Antithrombin testing measures the function and quantity of antithrombin. Antithrombin is a protein produced by the liver to help control blood clotting. Normally, when a blood vessel is injured, the body activates a series of coagulation factors, in a process called the coagulation cascade, to form a blood clot and prevent further blood loss. Antithrombin helps to regulate this process by inhibiti... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Transferrin and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
Transferrin is the main protein in the blood that binds iron and transports it around the body. These tests either indirectly or directly measure the amount of transferrin in the blood available to transport iron. It is difficult to interpret iron levels in the blood without knowing how much of the binding protein transferrin is also present. Transferrin, TIBC (total iron binding capacity) and UIB... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antistreptolysin O titre
This test measures the amount of antistreptolysin O (ASO) in the blood. ASO is an antibody targeted against streptolysin O, a toxin produced by Group A streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). Streptolysin O, is an oxygensensitive protein which bursts open red blood cells so the bacterium can get access to nutrients and continue to grow. ASO and antiDNase B are the most common of several a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

C-peptide
This test measures the level of Cpeptide in a blood or urine sample. Cpeptide and the hormone insulin are created from a larger molecule called proinsulin and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. When insulin is released into the bloodstream to help transport glucose into the bodys cells (to be used for energy), equal amounts of Cpeptide also are released. This makes Cpeptide useful as a mark... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Prealbumin
The test measures levels of prealbumin, an important protein found in the blood. Prealbumin is produced primarily by the liver. It serves as a source for the production of other proteins, and carries substances in the blood such as the thyroid hormone thyroxine. Prealbumin has a halflife of only two days, which means that it breaks down quickly in the body and the amount in the blood changes quick... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HDL cholesterol
The HDL cholesterol test measures the amount of cholesterol carried by HDL (high density lipoprotein) particles in the blood. Too much cholesterol in the bloodstream can be damaging if it is deposited in the walls of the blood vessels. However, HDL particles actually remove excess cholesterol from the body. Hence, having a high level of cholesterol carried by HDL particles is generally good and HD... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Albumin
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood plasma. It keeps fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and carries hormones, vitamins, drugs, and minerals like calcium throughout the body. Albumin is made in the liver and is sensitive to liver damage.The level of albumin in the blood is decreased when there is liver damage, in some types of kidney disease, in some patients who are severely mal... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antinuclear Ab
The Antinuclear Ab test identifies the presence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in the blood. ANA is a group of special antibodies produced by the patients immune system when it fails to adequately distinguish between self and nonself. These autoantibodies may attack the bodys own cells, causing signs and symptoms such as tissue and organ inflammation, joint and muscle pain, and fatigue. The prese... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV viral load
This test measures the amount of HIV in your blood. Viral load means the number of HIV particles or copies of the virus present in the blood. The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load test provides important information that is used in conjunction with the CD4 cell count:to monitor the status of HIV disease,to guide recommendations for therapy, andto predict the future course of HIV.Eviden... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MTHFR mutation
The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene contains the DNA code to produce the MTHFR enzyme.The MTHFR enzyme metabolises one form of B vitamin, folate, into another. It is also part of the process that converts homocysteine into methionine, an important building block for many proteins.The MTHFR gene test detects two of the most common variants in the gene, C677T and A1298C. These are k... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bone marrow biopsy
Bone marrow is the production site of the blood cells. It contains the precursors of red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells.Bone marrow aspirate allows the pathologist to examine (under the microscope) the types, numbers and the appearance of blood cells. Additional tests might include:Flow cytometry: surface markers on the cells.Cytogenetics/fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH): ap... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a substance found almost exclusively in animals. Body fluids including blood and all cells contain some cholesterol which is needed for good health. It forms the membranes for cells and important in production of hormones and bile acids. Cholesterol in blood is in complex particles called lipoproteins. There are different types of lipoproteins. HDL, good cholesterol, removes bad cho... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CK (Creatine kinase)
Creatine kinase (CK) is a chemical known as an enzyme which is found in many tissues of the body and in several forms. When CK is routinely measured in the blood, all forms of CK are measured so this test may also be referred to as total CK. The three forms or isoenzymes, of CK are:CKMM (found in the heart and skeletal muscle and makes up most of the CK in the blood)CKMB (found mostly in heart mus... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

D-dimer
When a vein or artery is injured and begins to leak blood, a sequence of clotting steps and factors (called the coagulation cascade) is activated by the body to limit the bleeding and create a blood clot to plug the hole. During this process, threads of a protein called fibrin are produced. These threads are crosslinked (glued together) to form a fibrin net that catches platelets and helps hold th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Pleural fluid analysis
Pleural fluid is found in the pleural cavity and serves as a lubricant for the movement of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation. It is derived from a plasma filtrate from blood capillaries and is found in small quantities between the layers of the pleurae membranes that cover the chest cavity and the outside of each lung. A variety of conditions and diseases can cause inflammation of th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Somatic tumour gene testing
Genetic mutations are classified as either somatic or germline. While germline mutations are changes to your DNA that you inherit from your parents, somatic mutations are changes to your DNA that happen during your lifetime. Most genetic mutations that cause cancer are somatic. This means you were not born with them and only the cells in the tumour have the mutation.Somatic genetic testing looks f... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau) tumour suppressor
Von HippelLindau syndrome is a rare inherited disorder. The features of the disease include an abnormal growth of blood vessels in certain parts of the body which form benign growths known as angiomas. These may develop in the brain, spinal cord, eyes, ear, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and reproductive tract. The growths are usually benign, but some may be cancerous. People with Von HippelLin... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Microalbumin (Albumin-creatinine ratio)
Albumin is a protein that is present in large amounts in the blood. When kidneys are functioning properly, only a tiny amount of albumin leaks through into the urine, less than 30 mg/day. In kidney failure (the last stage of a slow process of decline in kidney function), large amounts of protein are spilled into the urine. A long time before this amount of damage happens, small changes in the kidn... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

UACR
Albumin is a protein that is present in large amounts in the blood. When kidneys are functioning properly, only a tiny amount of albumin leaks through into the urine, less than 30 mg/day. In kidney failure (the last stage of a slow process of decline in kidney function), large amounts of protein are spilled into the urine. A long time before this amount of damage happens, small changes in the kidn... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Caeruloplasmin
This test measures the amount of caeruloplasmin in the blood. Caeruloplasmin is a coppercontaining enzyme that plays a role in the bodys iron metabolism. Copper is an essential mineral that is absorbed into the body through diet. It is absorbed in the intestines and then transported to the liver where it is stored or used in the production of a variety of enzymes. The liver binds copper to apocaer... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Antiphospholipid antibodies
Antiphospholipid antibody tests are used to detect specific autoantibodies, proteins the body creates against itself in an autoimmune response to phospholipids. Found in cell membranes and platelets, phospholipids are a normal part of the body. They are lipid molecules that play a crucial role in blood clotting. When antiphospholipid antibodies are produced, they interfere with the clotting proces... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B surface Ab)
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B blood tests detect viral proteins (antigens), the antibodies that are produced in response to an infection, or detect or evaluate the genetic material (DNA) of the virus. The pattern of tests results can identify a person who has a current active infection, was exposed to HBV in the past, or has immunity as... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Mycophenolate
This test measures the amount of mycophenylate or mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the blood. Mycophenolic acid is the active metabolite of mycophenolate, a drug that is primarily given to patients who have had a heart, kidney or liver transplant. There are two formulations of the drug available, mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolate sodium.Mycophenylate belongs to a group of immunosuppressant drugs w... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis B surface Ab
Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis B blood tests detect viral proteins (antigens), the antibodies that are produced in response to an infection, or detect or evaluate the genetic material (DNA) of the virus. The pattern of tests results can identify a person who has a current active infection, was exposed to HBV in the past, or has immunity as... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Haematocrit
Blood is a mixture of cells and plasma. The haematocrit (Hct or PCV) is a measurement of the proportion of blood that is made up of cells. The value is expressed as a fraction of cells in blood. For example, a Hct of 0.40 means that there are 40 millilitres of cells in 100 millilitres of blood.The haematocrit rises when the number of red blood cells increases or when the blood volume is reduced, a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ammonia
Ammonia is a waste product produced primarily by gut bacteria during protein digestion. A waste product, ammonia is normally transported to the liver, where it is converted into urea. The urea is then carried by the blood to the kidneys, where it is excreted in the urine. If ammonia is not efficiently converted to urea (urea cycle) by the liver it builds up in the blood and passes into the brain.I... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Osmolality
Osmolality is a measure of the number of particles dissolved in a kilogram of fluid.Osmolarity is the number of particles in a litre of fluid. Osmolality and osmolarity values are approximately the same. Normally, the major particles contributing to osmolality are sodium and potassium salts, glucose and urea and the osmolality can be approximated by the following equation:(2 x sodium) glucose ur... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Troponin T
This test measures the level of troponin in your blood. Troponin is a protein found in muscle that helps it contract. There are three different troponins: troponin C (TnC), troponin T (cTnT) and troponin I (cTnI). When there is damage to heart muscle, cTnI and cTnT are released into the blood. Troponin tests are used, together with an electrocardiogram (ECG), in people with chest pain to see if th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ethanol
This test measures the amount of ethanol in the blood, urine, breath or saliva (oral fluid). Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol or alcohol) has been consumed by civilisations throughout the world for thousands of years. Small amounts of ethanol can cause euphoria, relaxation and decreased inhibition. Moderate amounts can cause impaired judgment and decreased motor skills large amounts in a relativ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cortisol
Cortisol is a steroid hormone, produced by the adrenal gland, in response to the pituitary hormone ACTH. Cortisol is essential for survival. It increases in times of stress and regulates the immune system. Heat, cold, infection, trauma, exercise, obesity and debilitating disease influence cortisol secretion. The hormone is secreted in a daily pattern, rising in the early morning, peaking around 8 ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma testing is used to determine whether someone currently has or recently had a mycoplasma infection. It is a group of tests that either measure antibodies in the blood produced in response to a mycoplasma infection or detect the microorganism directly through culturing or by detecting its genetic material (DNA) in a body sample.Mycoplasmas are the smallest freeliving microorganisms known.... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is an indirect measure of the degree of inflammation present in the body. It measures the rate of fall (sedimentation) of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in a tall, thin tube of blood. Results are reported as how many millimetres of clear plasma are present at the top of the column after one hour. Normally, red cells fall slowly, leaving little clear plasma. Inc... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps the body maintain stable levels of calcium in the blood. It is part of a feedback loop that includes calcium, PTH, vitamin D and also phosphate and magnesium. Conditions and diseases that disrupt this feedback loop can cause inappropriate elevations or decreases in calcium and PTH levels and lead to symptoms of hypercalcaemia (raised blood levels of calcium) or hypo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Procalcitonin
This test measures the amount of procalcitonin in the blood. Procalcitonin is normally made during the process of producing the thyroid hormone calcitonin. It is produced by special cells in the thyroid gland called Ccells and is present in low levels in the blood. However, it may also be made by other cells in the body when stimulated by certain disease processes, in particular bacterial infectio... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CD4 count
This test measures the number of CD4 cells (also known as Thelper cells) in your blood. CD4 cells are a type of white blood cell, and they play an important role in your immune system. They help to identify, attack and destroy specific bacteria, fungi, and other germs that infect the body. CD4 cells are made in the spleen, lymph nodes and thymus gland, and they circulate throughout the body in the... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Growth hormone (GH)
Growth hormone (GH) is produced by the anterior pituitary gland, a grape sized organ found at the base of the brain. Essential for a childs normal growth and development, GH promotes proper linear bone growth from birth through to puberty. Children with insufficient GH levels grow more slowly and are smaller in size for their age, one of the first symptoms of growth hormone deficiency (GHD). It sh... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A (CgA) is a protein released from neuroendocrine cells. These are cells that secrete hormones in response to signals from the nervous system. They are found in organs throughout the body. This test measures the amount of chromogranin A in the blood.Neuroendocrine cells, and the endocrine glands that they are found in, can give rise to a variety of tumours, both benign and malignant. ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fungal tests
Fungi are microorganisms that exist in nature as singlecelled yeasts or as multicellular moulds. There are more than 50,000 species of fungi in the environment, but less than 200 species are associated with human disease. Of these, only about 20 to 25 species are common causes of infection.Fungal infections represent the invasion of tissues by one or more species of fungi and range from superficia... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

UTI (Urinary tract infection) testing
A UTI is an infection of one or more parts of the urinary tract. The urinary tract consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a bladder, and a urethra. The kidneys are beanshaped organs found in the lower back below the ribcage. They filter waste out of the blood and produce urine to carry the waste and excess water out of the body. The urine is carried through the ureters (tubes) from the kidneys to t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Apolipoprotein A-1
Apolipoproteins are molecules that carry cholesterol in your blood as tiny particles called lipoproteins. Apo A is an apolipoprotein that is part of the highdensity lipoprotein (HDL) particle. HDL is known as the good lipoprotein because it helps rid the body of excess cholesterol in the blood. Excess cholesterol can deposit in the arteries causing hardening (atherosclerosis) leading to heart dise... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Whooping Cough
This is a group of tests that are performed to detect and diagnose a Bordetella pertussis infection. B. pertussis is a bacterium that targets the lungs, typically causing a threestage respiratory infection that is known as pertussis or more commonly whooping cough. It is highly contagious and causes a prolonged infection that is passed from person to person through respiratory droplets such as dur... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Protein C and S
Proteins C and S help adjust the rate of blood clot formation. When a blood vessel or tissue is injured, the body initiates the coagulation cascade a step by step process involving the activation of up to 20 protein factors which results in the formation of a stable blood clot. This clot prevents additional blood loss and protects the injury until it heals. Once it is no longer needed other fact... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Deamidated Gliadin Antibody (Coeliac Disease Test)
Coeliac disease tests have been developed to help diagnose coeliac disease and a few other glutensensitive conditions. These tests detect autoantibodies that the body produces to dietary proteins found in wheat, rye and barley and to a lesser extent oats. In the past, the only way to diagnose coeliac disease was by examination of a biopsy of the small intestine. While this biopsy is still consider... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

TORCH panel
TORCH is an acronym for a group of four infectious diseases that may cause illness in pregnant women and may cause birth defects in their newborns depending on the stage of pregnancy when the mother is infected. The test is a screen for the presence of any of the antibodies to these infections. Confirmation of an active infection may require more specific tests.The following tests make up the TORC... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

BRAF V600 mutation
The BRAF gene is an oncogene. Normally, an oncogene turns on cell growth as needed but if there is a mutation and the gene isnt working properly there is uncontrolled cell growth which can lead to cancer.The test looks for a mutation on the BRAF gene specifically at codon V600. A codon is a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in DNA that forms a unit of genetic information.Between 40 and 60 ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MSI (Microsatellite instability)
Genes which repair mutations in DNA are known as mismatch repair genes. There are four different mismatch repair genes which are responsible for correcting mutations in the DNA. If one of these four mismatch repair genes is mutated, small errors in the DNA remains unrepaired. These errors lead to an expansion or reduction in repetitive sequences in the DNA which is termed microsatellite instabilit... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Urate (Uric Acid)
Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of purines. Purines are chemicals that come from nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). They enter the circulation from digestion of foods or from normal breakdown and turnover of cells in the body. Most uric acid is removed by the kidneys and disposed of in the urine the remainder is excreted in the faeces.If too much uric acid is produced or not enough is excreted, it c... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CMV (Cytomegalovirus)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus that occurs widely but rarely causes symptoms. In Australia, by the age of 20 years, around 50% of adults have been infected with CMV and this proportion increases with age. Most people are infected as children or as young adults and do not experience any significant symptoms or health problems.CMV may be found in many body fluids during an active infection,... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

White Cell Count
The white blood cell (WBC) count indicates the number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. This count provides a clue to the presence of illness. White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and protect the body against infection and aid in the immune response. If an infection develops, white blood cells attack and destroy the bacteria or other microorganisms causing the infection.Blood is ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gastrin
This test measures the amount of gastrin in the blood. Gastrin is a hormone that regulates the production of acid in the stomach. It is produced by special cells called Gcells in the stomach during the digestive process. When food is eaten, the stomach becomes less acidic, promoting gastrin production. Gastrin in turn stimulates parietal cells to produce stomach acid. As acidity increases in the s... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Sirolimus
Sirolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is given orally to patients who have had kidney transplants. Normally a persons immune system recognises a transplanted kidney as foreign and begins to attack it.Sirolimus limits this response and helps to prevent organ rejection by inhibiting Tlymphocyte activation and proliferation and antibody production.When ingested, sirolimus is absorbed from the g... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Apolipoprotein E genotyping
Apoliprotein E (Apo E) is a protein that helps transport lipids (fats and cholesterol) in the blood. It is recognised by specific cell surface receptors that allow it to deliver lipids to cells for use or storage and to deliver excess lipids to the liver for excretion.Apo E is produced under the direction of the APOE gene and is one of five main types of blood lipoproteins (AE), it is produced pri... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Factor V Leiden
Factor V (Leiden) and prothrombin are proteins in the liver and belong to a group of proteins, collectively known as coagulation factors a series of proteins that are activated in a step by step process (called the coagulation cascade) when a blood vessel is injured. The end result of the coagulation cascade is a blood clot that creates a barrier over the injury site, protecting it until it heals... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fungal infections
Fungal infections represent the invasion of tissues by one or more species of fungi. They range from superficial, localised skin conditions to deeper tissue infections to serious lung, blood (septicaemia) or systemic diseases. Some fungi are opportunistic while others are pathogenic, causing disease whether the immune system is healthy or not.Fungi are one of four major groups of microorganisms (b... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

BRCA 1 and 2 (Breast cancer gene 1 and 2)
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two tumour suppressor genes. Normally, these genes help prevent cancer by producing proteins that repair damage to DNA (the genetic material in a cell). Certain changes (pathogenetic variants) in these genes disrupt the function of the protein product and are associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.According to Cancer Australia, using statistics from the Australia... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

C-reactive protein
Creactive protein (CRP) is a protein made by the liver and secreted into the blood. It is often the first evidence of inflammation or an infection in the body. Its concentration increases in the blood within a few hours after the start of infection or other inflammatory injury. The level of CRP can increase many hundredfold in response to inflammation and then drop relatively quickly as soon as th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Rickettsial diseases testing
The most important diseases in Australia are Queensland tick typhus, Scrub typhus, Flinders Island spotted fever, and Murine typhus. The causative organisms of these diseases and some that can be contracted overseas are shown in the table below.Examples of Rickettsial diseases include:ILLNESS AND RICKETTSIAINSECT CARRIERFOUND INScrub typhusOrientia tsutsugamushirodent mitesNorthern Australia, Japa... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HLA B27
This test detects the presence or absence of human leukocyte antigen B27 (HLAB27) on the surface of white blood cells in a blood sample. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are a group of proteins that help the bodys immune system to identify its own cells and to distinguish between self and nonself. Everyone has an inherited combination of HLA antigens present on the surface of his or her white blood ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Porphyrins
Porphyrins are a group of compounds defined by their chemical structure. These compounds are byproducts of haem synthesis and are normally present at low concentrations in blood and other body fluids. Porphyrin tests measure porphyrins and their precursors in urine, blood, and/or stool.Haem is an ironcontaining pigment that is a part of haemoglobin and a number of their proteins. It consists of an... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

LDL cholesterol
Lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the blood. The test for LDL cholesterol (LDLC) measures the amount of cholesterol bound to LDL in the blood. LDL cholesterol is considered to be undesirable because it deposits excess cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels and contributes to narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) which may lead to conditions ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

eGFR (Estimated glomerular filtration rate)
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a measure of the function of your kidneys. Glomeruli are tiny filters in your kidney that allow waste products to be removed from the blood, while preventing loss of important proteins and blood cells. The rate refers to the amount of blood that is filtered per minute. eGFR is very accurate and convenient way to detect changes in kidney function. If kidney d... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Creatinine
This test measures the amount of creatinine in your blood and/or urine. Creatinine is produced in your muscles when a compound called creatine spontaneously breaks down. Creatine is used in a process in body cells to produce the energy needed to contract muscles and it produces creatinine at a fairly constant rate. Almost all creatinine is excreted by the kidneys and released into the urine, blood... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Electrolytes
Electrolytes are minerals that are found in body tissues and blood in the form of dissolved salts. As electrically charged particles, electrolytes help move nutrients into and wastes out of the bodys cells, maintain a healthy water balance, and help stabilise the bodys acid/base (pH) level. Electrolytes are usually measured as part of a renal profile which measures the main electrolytes in the bod... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Platelet count
Platelets (thrombocytes) are tiny cells derived from very large cells called megakaryocytes that are made in the bone marrow. These cells (about 23 microns in diameter) are released from the bone marrow to circulate in the blood. They are the first components to be activated when there has been an injury to a blood vessel or tissue. They transform in shape and become very sticky and begin the form... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Synovial fluid examination
Synovial fluid is a viscous liquid that acts as a lubricant for the major joints of the body. It is found in small quantities in the spaces between the joints, where the fluid is produced and contained by synovial membranes. Synovial fluid cushions the bone ends and reduces friction during joint movement in the knees, shoulders, hips, hands and feet.Synovial fluid analysis consists of a group of t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Parvovirus B19
Parvovirus B19 is a virus that causes a common childhood illness, also called fifth disease or erythema infectiosum. The virus is found in respiratory droplets during an infection and is easily transmitted to others through close physical contact. The infection typically has an incubation period of several days to two to three weeks, is active for a short period of time, and then begins to resolve... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Chromosome studies
Chromosome studies or karyotyping is a test that evaluates the number and structure of a persons chromosomes in order to detect abnormalities. Chromosomes are threadlike structures within each cell nucleus and contain the bodys genetic blueprint. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes in specific locations. These genes are responsible for a persons inherited physical characteristics and they ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Serotonin whole blood
This test measures the amount of serotonin in the blood. Serotonin is a chemical derived from the amino acid tryptophan. It is produced as needed by the nervous system, mainly the brain, but also by special cells in the bronchial tubes (lungs) and gastrointestinal tract. In the blood, more than 90% of serotonin is found in the platelets. Serotonin helps transmit nerve impulses and constrict blood ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

5HIAA (5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid)
This test measures the amount of 5hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in the urine. 5HIAA is the primary metabolite of serotonin, a hormone made from the amino acid tryptophan. Serotonin is produced as needed by the nervous system, mainly the brain, but also cells in the bronchial tubes (lungs) and gastrointestinal tract. It helps transmit nerve impulses and constrict blood vessels, participates in t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
This test measures the amount of glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in the red blood cells (RBCs). G6PD is an enzyme that protects red blood cells from the effects of oxidation. If there is insufficient G6PD, the RBCs become more vulnerable to oxidative damage. If these RBCs are exposed to an oxidative agent (for a list, click here), it changes their cellular structure, precipitating haemoglob... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bilirubin
Bilirubin is an orangeyellow pigment which is formed when haemoglobin, the redcoloured pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen to tissues, breaks down. Bilirubin is ultimately processed by the liver to allow its elimination from the body. Small amounts of bilirubin are present in blood from damaged or old red cells that have died. If bilirubin levels increase in the blood, the appearance of... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
The test measures the amount of thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood. TSH is made by the pituitary gland, a small organ located just below the brain. TSH is one of the pituitary glands messengers it tells the thyroid gland to start making thyroid hormone. There is a feedback system between the pituitary gland and the thyroid gland. If too much thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine or T3 and... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CCP (Cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody)
The cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (CCP) test is a relatively new assay that detects the presence of citrulline antibodies in the blood. These autoantibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to a perceived threat from citrulline. An unusual amino acid, citrulline is created when the amino acid arginine is altered. There is speculation that the conversion of arginine to... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Coagulation factors
Coagulation factors are proteins that are essential for blood clot formation. Produced by the liver or blood vessels, the coagulation factors are continuously released into the bloodstream. When an injury occurs these factors are activated in a step by step process called the coagulation cascade. This cascade has two branches: when damage occurs to tissue, the body responds by activating the extri... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Mesothelin
This test measures the amount of small molecules called serum mesothelin in the blood. These peptides are breakdown products from proteins found in the membranes lining the cavities that surround the lungs, heart, and abdomen. High amounts of mesothelin are often seen in the blood of patients suffering from mesothelioma, and the amount of mesothelin in the blood is thought to be related to the ext... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Smooth muscle Ab (SMA)
This test measures the amount of smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) in the blood. SMAs are proteins produced by the bodys immune system to work against its own cytoskeletal proteins. The production of SMA is strongly associated with chronic autoimmune hepatitis but may also be seen in other forms of liver disease and with other autoimmune disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis. Autoimmune hepatit... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA)
CEA is a protein that is normally not detected in the blood of a healthy person. When certain types of cancer are present, CEA may be produced by the cancer cells. CEA may then be detected in blood, but it will not indicate which kind of cancer is present. CEA is often used to monitor patients with cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as colorectal cancer. It may be raised in other canc... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Haemoglobin
This test measures the amount of haemoglobin (a protein found in red blood cells) in your blood and is a good indication of your bloods ability to carry oxygen throughout your body. Haemoglobin carries oxygen to cells from the lungs. If your haemoglobin levels are low, you have anaemia, a condition in which your body is not getting enough oxygen, causing fatigue and weakness. The test is used to:d... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vitamin D
Vitamin D is vital for the growth and health of bone without it, bones will be soft, malformed, and unable to repair themselves normally, resulting in the disease called rickets in children and osteomalacia in children and adults. Vitamin D also helps to control the absorption of the minerals calcium, phosphate and (to a lesser extent) magnesium from food as it passes through the intestine. Vitami... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cardiolipin antibody
These tests detect the presence of three classes (IgG, IgM, and/or IgA) of cardiolipin antibodies. Produced by the immune system in response to a perceived threat, these proteins are the most common form of antiphospholipid antibodies. They are acquired autoantibodies that can affect the bodys ability to regulate blood clotting in a way that is not well understood.Cardiolipins, and other related p... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PSEN1 (Presenilin 1 genetic analysis)
Most early onset AD is inherited and caused by a genetic variant. There have been variants identified in three genes that are associated with early onset familial Alzheimers disease (EOFAD), all of them rare. Of these, PSEN1 is the most common and thought to account for up to about 70 per cent of EOFAD cases. The other two genes are APP amyloid precursor protein, accounting about 15 per cent of E... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Kidney stone analysis
Kidney stones are small, hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form within the kidneys, they are one of the most common urinary tract disorders. Kidney stone analysis uses one or more test methods to examine and determine the composition of a stone. This is done in order to help identify the cause of the stone and, where possible, to prevent the formation of more stones. Many stones wi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT)
Alpha1antitrypsin (A1AT) is a protein that is produced in the liver and released into the bloodstream. A1AT works by inactivating several enzymes but primarily the enzyme elastase in the lungs. Elastase is an enzyme produced by neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) and it is part of the bodys normal response to injury and inflammation. Elastase breaks down proteins so that they can be removed a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HLA tests
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) are part of the Major Histocompatibility Complex or MHC. They refer to certain specialized proteins (antigens) present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and the genes that code for them. Everyone has an inherited combination of HLA antigens present on the surface of his or her white blood cells (leukocytes) and other cells that contain a nucleus. HLA ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Nicotine
Nicotine is an addictive alkaline chemical found in the tobacco plant and concentrated in its leaves. It is inhaled with each puff on a cigarette and ingested with chewing tobacco. Nicotine is metabolised by the liver into more than 20 compounds, which are excreted by the kidneys into the urine. Both tobacco use and exposure to tobacco smoke can increase nicotine and its primary metabolite, cotini... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cervical screening test
A cervical screening test detects the presence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) strains that are known to be a high risk for causing cancer of the cervix. If highrisk HPV is detected, the sample is examined under a microscope to identify any abnormal or potentially abnormal cells from the vagina and uterine cervix (neck of the womb). Various bacterial, fungal and viral infections may also be detecte... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
If your doctor suspects you have congenital adrenal hyperplasia, they may request a number of the following tests.Prenatal Testing:Amniocentesis: A sample of amniotic fluid is taken to examine the cells for genetic changes.Chorionic Villus Sampling: Cells from the placenta are examined for genetic mutations.Newborn Screening:Newborns are routinely screened for CAH shortly after birth with a blood ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gonorrhoeae
The test is looking for evidence of the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which causes the sexually transmitted disease known as gonorrhoea. Uncomplicated gonorrhoea infections are easily treated but can cause severe reproductive and health problems if left untreated. Bacterial cultures can be used to determine the antibiotics required to eradicate infection. The test is used in two ways:to diagnos... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipase
Lipase is an enzyme made by the pancreas. It is released into the digestive tract to help digest fatty foods. It is also important in maintaining cell permeability, that is, allowing the cell wall to let nutrients easily flow in and to let waste easily flow out. It is normally found in the blood in small amounts. When the pancreas is damaged or inflamed (for example in pancreatitis) it releases mo... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HIV genotypic resistance
he genetic material of the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is isolated from the blood sample. The genetic material is then sequenced a form of decoding. This results in a long string of letters signifying the genetic code of particular parts of the virus. The sequence from your virus is compared to a computer database to see if any genetic mutations that are known to cause drug resistance are ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies
This test detects and measures one or more classes (IgG, IgM, or IgA) of beta2 glycoprotein 1 antibodies. Beta2 glycoprotein 1 antibody is one of three primary antiphospholipid antibodies, which are autoantibodies that target the bodys own lipidproteins (phospholipids) found in the outermost layer of cells (cell membranes) and platelets. It is less common than the other two, cardiolipin antibody a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bacterial wound culture
A bacterial wound culture is a test that is used to detect and identify pathogenic bacteria in a potentially infected wound. Wounds may be superficial breaks in the skin such as scrapes, cuts and scratches or may involve deeper tissues such as incisions, bites, punctures or burns. Any wound may become infected with a variety of bacteria. A culture helps to determine when a wound has become infecte... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Susceptibility testing
Susceptibility is a term used to describe the condition in which microorganisms are unable to grow in the presence of one or more antimicrobial drugs. Susceptibility testing determines the potential effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent on the organism causing an infection and/or determines if the organism has developed resistance to certain antibiotics. The results of this test can be used to p... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) gene mutation
The CF gene mutation test identifies mutations in the CFTR gene. Each cell in the human body (except sperm and eggs) has 46 chromosomes (23 inherited from the mother and 23 from the father). Genes on these chromosomes form the bodys blueprint for producing proteins that control body functions. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a pair of genes located on chromosomes 7. Both copies (alleles... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

IGF-1
Insulinlike growth factor1 (IGF1) and growth hormone are hormones that are vital for normal bone and tissue growth and development. GH is produced by the pituitary gland, a grapesized gland located at the base of the brain behind the bridge of your nose. GH is secreted into the bloodstream in pulses throughout the day and night with peaks that occur mostly during the night. IGF1 is produced by the... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Measles and Mumps serology
Measles (rubeola) and mumps are members of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses. They both cause illnesses in children throughout the world that are preventable through vaccination. Vaccination has drastically reduced the number of people affected by measles in Australia and in many parts of the world, but the World Health Organization (WHO) still lists measles as a leading cause of death in youn... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Free T3 (triiodothyronine)
The test measures the amount of free triiodothyronine, or FT3, in your blood.T3 is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland (the other hormone is called thyroxine, or T4). T3 makes up less than 10 per cent of what we call thyroid hormone, while T4 makes up the rest. T3, however, is about four times as strong as T4, and is thought to cause most, if not all, the effects of thyroid hor... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

RSV
RSV testing is used to detect respiratory syncytial virus, the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants around the world. RSV tends to be seasonal, causing community epidemics in young children, older adults, immunocompromised people and those with preexisting lung disease. Typically the season begins in late autumn and disappears in early spring. Affected people may have... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MCS Urine (Urine culture)
Urine is one of the bodys waste products. It is produced in the kidneys and collected in the bladder until a person urinates. Urine in the bladder is normally sterile (containing no organisms), however, if bacteria or yeasts are introduced into the urinary tract, they can multiply and casue a urinary tract infection (called a UTI). Bacteria are usally present around the opening of the urethra (the... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Complement
The complement system is a set of circulating blood proteins that work together to promote immune and inflammatory responses. Their principal role is to destroy foreign substances like bacteria and viruses. The nine primary complement components are those designated as C1 through C9. They are assisted and regulated by several subcomponents and inhibitors.The complement system is part of the bodys ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is an enzyme produced by vascular endothelial cells to help regulate blood pressure. It catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive protein) to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II functions as a strong vasopressor it causes arteries to contract, making them temporarily narrower and increasing the pressure of the blood flowing through them. ACE is produced... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gram stain
A Gram stain is a laboratory procedure used to detect the presence of microrganisms, especially bacteria, in a sample taken from the site of a suspected infection. It gives relatively quick results as to the general type of bacteria that may be present. The Gram stain involves applying a sample from the infected area onto a glass slide and allowing it to dry. The slide is then treated with a serie... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cystatin C
Cystatin C is a small protein that is produced by nucleated cells (those with chromosomes and genetic material at their centre, which is most of the bodys cells). It is produced at a constant rate and is found in a variety of body fluids such as serum, spinal fluid and breast milk.Cystatin C is filtered out of the blood by the glomerulus tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that allow water and diss... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Free T4 (thyroxine)
This test measures the amount of free thyroxine, or FT4, in your blood.T4 is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland (the other is called triiodothyronine, or T3).T4 makes up nearly all of what we call thyroid hormone, while T3 makes up less than 10 per cent. Thyroid hormones help regulate the bodys metabolism (that is, how the body functions).Most T4 in blood is attached to a prot... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MCS sputum
A sputum culture detects the presence of pathogenic bacteria in those who have bacterial pneumonia or a lower respiratory tract infections. Pathogenetic bacteria in the sputum sample are identified and susceptibility testing is performed to help guide appropriate antimicrobial treatment.Sputum is the thick mucus or phlegm that is expelled from the lower respiratory tract (bronchi and lungs) throug... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

B-type natriuretic peptide
This test measures the concentration of BNP or NTproBNP in the blood. BNP is a hormone that helps to regulate blood volume. NTproBNP is an inactive fragment produced at the same time as BNP.Both BNP and NTproBNP are produced mainly in the hearts left ventricle (the organs main pumping chamber). When the left ventricle is stretched, the concentrations of BNP and NTproBNP in blood can increase marke... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) is an enzyme that is found in cells throughout the body.Only a small amount of LD is usually detectable in the blood. However, when cells are damaged or destroyed, they release LD into the bloodstream, causing blood levels to rise. For this reason, LD is used as a general marker of injury to cells. This also happens when blood cells are destroyed in the bloodstream, such... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Myoglobin urine
Blood is being tested for the presence of myoglobin, a protein found in muscles. While haemoglobin brings oxygen to most of the body, myoglobin traps oxygen in muscle to allow muscle cells to work properly. When heart or other muscle is injured, myoglobin is released into the blood. Myoglobin is a small protein, and it leaks out of cells soon after injury. Myoglobin levels start to rise within 13 ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasmosis testing is performed in order to detect and diagnose a current or past Toxoplasma gondii infection. T. gondii is a microscopic parasite that infects cats and can be found in the soil. In most healthy humans, the infection either causes no symptoms or results in a mild flulike illness. When a pregnant woman becomes infected, however, and passes it to her unborn child, or a person with... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Total Protein (TP)
The total protein test measures the concentration of all the proteins in the plasma portion of your blood. Proteins are important building blocks of all cells and tissues they are important for body growth and health. Total protein measures the combined amount of two types of proteins, albumin and globulin. Albumin moves many small molecules through the blood but its main purpose is to keep fluid ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland (located below the brain within the skull) to stimulate secretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands (small organs located at the top of each kidney). Stress can stimulate the release of ACTH. Cortisol is important for regulating glucose, protein and lipid metabolism suppressing the immune response and maint... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CKMB (Creatine kinase MB)
CKMB is one of three forms (or isoenzymes) of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK). CKMB is found mostly in heart muscle. It rises when there is any damage to heart muscle cells. CKMB levels, along with total CK (which measures all the types of CK in the blood together), may be tested in people with chest pain to diagnose whether they have had a heart attack. A high total CK could indicate damage to ei... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Magnesium
This test measures the amount of magnesium in your blood. Normally, only a very small amount (about 1%) of the total magnesium found in the body is present in the blood.Magnesium is a mineral that is found in every cell of your body. It is vital to energy production, muscle contraction, nerve function, cardiac rhythm and maintenance of strong bones. About half of the bodys magnesium is combined wi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

LFT (Liver function tests)
Liver Function Tests (LFTs) is a group of tests that are performed together to detect, evaluate, and monitor liver disease or damage. The liver is one of the largest organs in the body and is located in the upper righthand part of the abdomen and behind the lower ribs. The liver metabolises and detoxifies drugs and substances that are harmful to the body. It produces blood clotting factors, protei... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thyroglobulin
The thyroid gland is composed mainly of very small, ballshaped structures called follicles. Thyroid follicle cells produce and store the thyroid hormones T4 or thyroxine and T3 or triiodothyronine as part of a protein called thyroglobulin, which occupies most of the centre of a follicle. When needed, the thyroglobulin is broken down to release thyroid hormones. No other part of the body makes this... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein that is produced by the liver. It binds tightly to testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and oestradiol (an oestrogen) and transports them in the blood in an inactive form. The amount of SHBG in circulation is affected by age and sex, by decreased or increased testosterone or oestrogen production, and can be affected by certain diseases and condi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

MCS stool
The stool culture is a test that detects and identifies bacteria that cause infections of the lower digestive tract. The test distinguishes between the types of bacteria that cause disease (pathogenic) and the types that are normally found in the digestive tract (normal flora). The test helps to determine if pathogenic bacteria are the cause of gastrointestinal symptoms (gastroenteritis). It is im... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Throat culture
The test identifies Streptococcus pyogenes, known as Group A streptococci, which are bacteria that infect the back of the throat and cause the common infection called strep throat. Although Streptococcus pyogenes is the most common bacterial pathogen in throat infections, it is not the only cause of strep throat. Bacteria such as Group C and G streptococci and the genus Arcanobacteria also cause t... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thyroid antibodies
These tests detect the presence and measure the quantity of specific thyroid autoantibodies. These develop when a persons immune system mistakenly recognises components of the thyroid as foreign (notself), and makes antibodies which attack the thyroid gland. This can lead to chronic thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid), tissue damage, and disruption of thyroid function. The thyroid is a s... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Rubella
Rubella is a viral infection that causes a fine red rash and flulike symptoms, such as a high temperature, headache and a general feeling of being unwell. The raised red rash appears first on the face and neck and travels to the body and limbs. Teenagers and adults may experience more severe symptoms, such as joint pains, which may last several weeks. Rubella usually improves quickly without any s... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Protein electrophoresis
Protein electrophoresis is a method for separating the proteins found in blood (serum) or urine. During the test, an electric current is used to move the proteins across a thin layer of agarose gel. The distances that individual proteins travel depend on their size, shape and electrical charge.These separated proteins may be detected by the use of a dye that binds to (stains) all of the proteins a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Haemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis is defined as iron overload leading to end organ damage. As the body does not have a way to excrete excess iron, there is a progressive buildup of iron in tissues and organs. The excess iron is stored in your organs, especially the liver, heart and pancreas. This can lead to organ dysfunction and failure. As it progresses, complications can include arthritis, diabetes, liver cirrh... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Chloride
Chloride is an electrolyte. When combined with sodium it is mostly found in nature as salt. Chloride is important along with sodium, in keeping normal levels of water in the body. Chloride generally increases or decreases in direct relationship to sodium, but may change without any change in sodium when there are problems with too much acid or base in your body. Chloride is taken into the body thr... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipid profile (cholesterol and triglycerides)
Lipids is the term used to describe the fats in the body.  Lipids may come from the diet (i.e. eating fatty foods) but the body is also capable of making its own lipids.  Whilst there are many types of lipids, the two lipids we measure in a lipid panel are cholesterol and triglycerides.Lipids are transported in the blood in lipoproteins.  A lipid profile includes the measurement of cho... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Pericardial fluid analysis
Pericardial fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant for the movement of the heart. It is found in small quantities between the two layers of the pericardium. Pericardial fluid is produced by mesothelial cells in the membranes and acts to reduce friction as the heart pumps blood.A variety of conditions and diseases can cause inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis) and/or excessive accumul... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Synacthen short test
Synacthen is a manufactured drug that acts like adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by stimulating the adrenal gland to produce more cortisol. By measuring the rise in cortisol in the blood the doctor can see if the adrenal glands are secreting normal amounts of cortisol. The test is used to see if the adrenal glands are producing normal amounts of cortisol. When the adrenal does not produce enoug... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HFE mutations
The HFE gene contains the DNA code to produce a protein that is involved in the regulation of iron uptake by cells mainly liver and intestinal cells. Some mutations in this gene affect its ability to regulate iron uptake and this leads to iron overload in the body causing hemochromatosis.  The HFE mutation test is primarily used to detect a mutation called C282Y on the HFE gene. The HFE gene ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

EGFR (Epidermal growth factor receptor) mutation
EGFR is a short name for the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. This test detects mutations in the EGFR gene in cancer tissue. This information is useful in guiding treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer.The EGFR gene codes for a specialised protein called a receptor located on the surface of cells. Receptors recognise and bind to other substances, and the binding typically has a specific effe... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Trichomonas vaginalis detection
The test is looking for the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis. In some laboratories, the swab is placed onto a slide and examined under a microscope to visually see the presence or absence of Trichomonas. However, the preferred method is using nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) to detect the DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis in urine and other samples. This method is more sensitive than microsco... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Prolactin
Prolactin is a 23kD sized hormone produced by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary gland, a grapesized organ found at the base of the brain. Normally present in low amounts in men and nonpregnant women, prolactins main role is to promote lactation (breast milk production).Prolactin levels increase throughout pregnancy with peak levels being found at delivery and just after childbirth. During preg... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Testosterone
Testosterone is a steroid hormone (androgen) made by the testes in males. Its production is stimulated and controlled by luteinising hormone (LH), which is manufactured in the pituitary gland. In males, testosterone stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics, including enlargement of the penis, growth of body hair and muscle, and a deepening voice. It is present in large amounts in ma... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Genome-wide chromosome microarray testing
Microarray testing is a technique that is used for a wide variety of purposes. In diagnostic testing it is primarily used to test for the presence in the patients DNA (their genome) of either tiny missing sections (called microdeletions) or extra duplicated sections (called microduplications). Microarray testing is more sensitive than conventional chromosome studies, called cytogenetics or karyoty... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

FH (Familial hypercholesterolaemia) genetic test
LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol is the bad cholesterol it increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The bodys cells, particularly the liver cells, take up the LDL cholesterol from blood via LDLreceptors. Normally a person has two working copies of the gene encoding the LDLreceptor (one copy inherited from their mother and one from their father), but in FH one copy is defective, so on... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Diabetes-related autoantibodies
Islet cell cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), insulinomaassociated2 autoantibodies (IA2A) and Zinc Transporter 8 antibodies (ZnT8) are a group of tests that measure diabetesrelated autoantibodies. These autoantibodies do not cause type 1 diabetes but serve as markers of the bodys destructive immune response against its own... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Phosphate
The majority, (7080 per cent) of phosphate exists in the bones, complexed with calcium as hydroxyapatite, and a small fraction, 1 per cent is in the blood mainly as inorganic phosphate and phospholipids. The rest is found within cells throughout the body, where it is mainly used to store energy. This small blood fraction is under hormonal control by PTH, vitamin D and fibroblast growth factor 23 (... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Urea (blood and urine)
As protein is broken down by the body it forms toxic products, which need to be eliminated form the body. The liver converts these products to nontoxic urea. Urea is then circulated in the blood to the kidneys where it is eliminated from the body.Healthy kidneys eliminate more than 90 per cent of the urea the body produces, so blood levels may indicate how well your kidneys are working.Also elevat... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Anaemia
If your doctor suspects you have anaemia, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with anaemia, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood count (FBC)Blood film examination and differentialWhite blood cell countIron StudiesVitamin B12 and folate level (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Varicella zoster virus
Tests for chickenpox and shingles are performed to detect and diagnose either a current or past infection with the virus that causes these conditions, the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Most often, testing is not necessary because a diagnosis of active infection can be made from clinical signs and symptoms, but in some patients with atypical skin lesions, a diagnostic test helps to confirm the infe... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Apolipoprotein B-100
There are actually two forms fo apolipoprotein B: Apo B100 and Apo B48. Apo B48 is created in the intestines. It is an integral part of the structure of chylomicrons, large lipoproteins that are responsible for the initial transport of dietary lipids. Laboratory tests typically do not measure Apo B 48 and only measure Apo B100, which is often abbreviated to Apo B or apolipoprotein B.Apo B100 is a ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

DHEAS (Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate)
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is an androgen, a male sex hormone that is present in the blood of both men and women. It has a role to play in developing male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, and it can be metabolised by the body into stronger androgens, such as testosterone and androstenedione, or can be converted into the female hormone oestrogen. DHEAS is produced by the adr... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is an androgen, a male sex hormone that is present in the blood of both men and women. It has a role to play in developing male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, and it can be metabolised by the body into stronger androgens, such as testosterone and androstenedione, or can be converted into the female hormone oestrogen. DHEAS is produced by the adr... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Pancreatic elastase faeces
Elastase is an enzyme produced by special (exocrine) tissue in the pancreas. This test measures the amount of elastase in stool (faeces) to help evaluate whether a persons pancreas is functioning properly.The pancreas is an organ located in the abdomen that consists of two kinds of tissue: exocrine and endocrine. The exocrine pancreas is responsible for producing elastase along with other enzymes ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

FMR1 (Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1) mutation
The FMR1 gene contains the DNA code to produce a protein called FMRP. This protein is present in a variety of tissues but is especially important in the brain. FMRP is essential for proper brain development and seems to play a role in ensuring that the connections between nerve cells (known as synapses), develop and function properly. FMR1 mutation testing is used to assess the FMR1 gene in a pers... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A antibody is produced in response to an infection with the hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A is a highly contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It is one of several various causes of hepatitis, a condition characterised by inflammation and enlargement of the liver. Hepatitis A is one type of hepatitis virus identified so far others including hepatitis B, C, D, an... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ova, Cysts and Parasites faeces
An ova and parasite (O&P) exam is a microscopic evaluation that is used to look for parasites that have infected the lower digestive tract. The parasites are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool. When thin smears of fresh or preserved stool are put onto glass slides and stained, the parasites (including their eggs (ova) or cysts), may be detected and identified under the microscop... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Amylase
Amylase is an enzyme made mainly by the pancreas. It is released from the pancreas into the digestive tract to help digest starch in our food. The blood test for amylase is used to help diagnose acute pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). The swift rise of amylase at the beginning of a pancreatitis attack, and its fall after about 2 days, helps to pinpoint this diagnosis. An amylase test ma... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

VHL (Von Hippel-Lindau) tumour suppressor
The VHL gene provides instructions for making a protein that functions as part of a complex (a group of proteins that work together) called the VCBCUL2 complex. This complex targets other proteins to be broken down (degraded) by the cell when they are no longer needed. One of the targets of the VCBCUL2 complex is a protein called hypoxiainducible factor 2alpha. HIF controls several genes involved ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Benign prostatic hypertrophy
Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia, is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, a small gland that encircles the urethra in males and produces a fluid that makes up part of semen. As the volume of the prostate increases, it can put pressure on the urethra, causing a slowdown in the urine stream, hesitancy in urinating, a frequent and urgent need to ur... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

AFP (Alpha fetoprotein)
Alphafetoprotein (AFP) is a protein that is normally produced by the developing fetus but is also present in small amounts in normal adults. It can also be produced by certain tumours including some types of germ cell tumours (NSGCT) and hepatocellular carcinoma. Raised levels of AFP are found in the vast majority of patients with this type of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). It is also ra... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Calcitonin
This test measures the amount of calcitonin in the blood. The function of calcitonin in the human body is unknown what is known is that it is a hormone produced by Ccells in the thyroid. The thyroid is a small butterflyshaped gland that lies over and flat against the windpipe in the throat. It produces several hormones, primarily T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine), that help control the rate... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Trypsin faeces
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are proteolytic enzymes. Their job is to digest protein in the small intestine. Normally, their precursors (their inactive forms: trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen) are produced in the pancreas and transported to the small intestine.In the small intestine, trypsinogen is activated, turned into trypsin, by an enzyme in the intestinal mucosa and then trypsin in turn activates... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is a syndrome associated with chronic, widespread disabling pain. Those who have fibromyalgia have aching muscles and sore necks, shoulders, and backs. They sleep poorly and are often stiff when they wake up or when they move after sitting for long periods of time. The intensity and location of the pain and the degree of fatigue may vary from day to day and may become worse with exces... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Helicobacter pylori
These tests are looking for evidence of an infection by a bacterium, known as Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is now known to be a major cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori is also associated with the development of gastric cancer. A positive test for H. pylori indicates that your gastrointestinal pain may be caused by this bacterium. Taking antibiotics will kill the bacteria and may stop... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid
The test is looking for evidence of infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) in Australia. Diagnosing and treating chlamydia is very important to prevent longterm complications and spread of the infection to others.Chlamydia is generally transmitted through sexual contact (oral, vaginal or anal) with an infected partner. Young... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening (MRSA)
These tests detect the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA are strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, sometimes called golden staph, which are resistant to all of the lactam class of antibiotics such as flucloxacillin and cephalexin. These antibiotics are commonly used to treat infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. First appearing in the early 1960s, MRS... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PSEN1 (Presenilin 1 genetic analysis)
This test looks for genetic faults (pathogenetic variants) in the PSEN1 gene, which have been associated with early onset familial Alzheimers disease (EOFAD). Although most Alzheimers disease (AD) starts after the age of 65 (late onset), about 510% of cases of the disease begin in people under 65 years of age. Much of this early onset AD is inherited it runs in families and is caused by a genetic... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Mercury
Mercury is an element that exists in three forms: as a free metallic (liquid or vapour), an inorganic compound (mercury salt), and as a variety of organic compounds (methyl mercury). It has no known function in normal metabolism but is able to bind to a number of proteins, interfering with their function.Mercury has been used in medicine for centuries and may be found in small quantities throughou... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Alpha-gal antibody
This test measures the amount of IgE antialphagal antibodies in the blood. Antialphagal IgG antibodies are present in all people and are not associated with any form of illness. IgE antiaphagal antbodies are much less common and are associated with allergy to red meat in the form of delayed (48 hours) systemic allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after eating red meat. The primary cause of thi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Extractable nuclear antigen Ab
An ENA (Extractable Nuclear Antigen Antibodies) panel detects the presence of one or more specific autoantibodies in the blood. Autoantibodies are produced when a persons immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the bodys own tissues. This attack can cause inflammation, tissue damage, and other signs and symptoms that are associated with an autoimmune disorder.ENA are a subset of antinuclear a... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fragile X gene
Fragile X CGG repeat sizing is routinely performed using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with fluorescently labelled primers. The labelled pieces of DNA are then separated by size using capillary gel electrophoresis to determine the number of CGG repeats in the controls, standards and patients. The PCR technique cannot detect larger premutations (great than 180 repeats) or full mutations ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Barmah Forest virus
Barmah Forest virus disease is a common and important cause of arthritis in Australia.The virus was first isolated from mosquitoes trapped in the Barmah Forest of northern Victoria. Human infection is acquired through mosquito bite. Most people infected with the virus do not show clinical signs or symptoms and go unnoticed. Clinical disease occurs most commonly in adults from 20 to 50 years of age... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Semen analysis
A semen analysis measures the quantity and quality of both the liquid portion, called semen, and the microscopic moving cells called sperm. Semen is the turbid, whitish substance that is released from the penis during ejaculation. Sperm are the cells in semen with a head and a tail that enables them to travel to the egg. A typical semen analysis could measure:the volume of sementhe macroscopic app... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

COVID-19
If your doctor suspects you have COVID19, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with COVID19, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:SARsCoV2 rapid antigen test (RAT)SARSCoV2 PCR testSARSCov2 serology test (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Ankylosing spondylitis
If your doctor suspects you have ankylosing spondylitis, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Creactive proteinErythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)Full blood countHLAB27 test (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Bowel cancer
If your doctor suspects you have bowel cancer, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with bowel cancer, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Faecal occult blood test (FOBT)Gene testing (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Haemochromatosis
If your doctor suspects you have haemochromatosis, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with haemochromatosis, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood countFerritinIron studiesHFE gene test (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Asthma
If your doctor suspects you have asthma, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with asthma, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Blood gasesFull blood countImmunoglobulin E (IgE) (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

High blood pressure (hypertension)
If your doctor suspects you have high blood pressure, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with high blood pressure, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Kidney function testsGlucoseLipid profile (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Sepsis
If your doctor suspects you have sepsis, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with sepsis, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Blood cultureUrine cultureCreactive protein (CRP)Full blood countProcalcitonin (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Fragile X syndrome
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and intellectual impairment. It is the most common known cause of inherited intellectual and developmental disability affecting about 1 in 4000 males and between 1 in 5000 and 1 in 8000 females. It is also the most common genetic cause of autism. The syndrome is more often diagno... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Salicylate
Salicylates are a group of drugs, including aspirin, available as both prescription and nonprescription (overthecounter) medications. The plasma concentration of salicylic acid (the active part of aspirin) is being measured as this produces the undesirable side effects, notably damage to the stomach, including ulcers and bleeding, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). The plasma salicylate concentra... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Progesterone
This test measures the level of progesterone in the blood. Progesterone is a steroid hormone whose main role is to help prepare a womans body for pregnancy it works together with several other female hormones.On a monthly basis, the hormone oestrogen causes the endometrium (the lining of the womb, or uterus) to grow and replenish itself, while a surge in luteinising hormone (LH) leads to the relea... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone)
Folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland in the brain. Control of FSH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus, such as gonadotrophinreleasing hormone (GnRH).In women, FSH stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles (eggs) during the follicular phase of the menstrual... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Immunoreactive trypsin
Trypsinogen is a proenzyme, an inactive precursor to the proteolytic enzyme trypsin. Normally, trypsinogen is produced in the pancreas and transported to the small intestine. In the small intestine, it is activated, turned into trypsin by an enzyme in the intestinal mucosa, forming a powerful chemical responsible for breaking down the protein in food into smaller pieces called peptides.It is part ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Luteinising hormone (LH)
Luteinising hormone (LH) is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. Control of LH production is a complex system involving hormones produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes), the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus, such as gonadotrophinreleasing hormone (GnRH). Womens menstrual cycles are divided into 2 phases, the follicular and luteal, by a midcycle surge of folliclestimulating hormone ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Peritoneal fluid analysis
Peritoneal fluid is a liquid that acts as a lubricant in the abdominal cavity. It is found in small quantities between the layers of the peritoneum. Peritoneal fluid is produced by mesothelial cells in the membranes and acts to moisten the outside of the organs and to reduce the friction of organ movement during digestion.A variety of conditions can cause accumulation of peritoneal fluid (ascites)... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hormone receptor status
Oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors are specialised proteins found within certain cells throughout the body. These receptors bind to oestrogen and progesterone, female hormones that circulate in the blood, and promote new cell growth and division.Many breast cancer tumours have receptors for oestrogen and/or progesterone, often in large numbers. These tumours are said to be hormonedepen... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Organic acids urine
All of the processes which take place in our cells are chemical reactions controlled by special proteins called enzymes.  If there is a change or mutation in the gene coding for an enzyme, the normal metabolism gets blocked. Because most metabolic processes involve acids, the block may cause the acids to build up body and may be toxic.  These acids appear in the urine and organic acid test... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Oestradiol (oestrogen)
Oestrogens are a group of hormones primarily responsible for the development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. While oestrogens are the major female sex hormones, small amounts are found in males. In women, folliclestimulating hormone (FSH produced by the pituitary gland) stimulates cells (follicles) surrounding the eggs in the ovaries, causing them to produce oestrogen, main... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CA19-9 (Cancer antigen 19-9)
CA 199 is used as a tumour markerto monitor a patients response to pancreatic cancer treatment andto watch for pancreatic cancer recurrence. CA 199 is initially elevated in pancreatic cancer, then it may be requested several times during cancer treatment to monitor response and, on a regular basis following treatment, to see if the cancer has come back. Low amounts of CA 199 can be detected in a c... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Beta-2-transferrin
Beta2transferrin is a form of the protein transferrin that is present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but not usually found in blood, nasal secretions or other body fluids. It is used to distinguish CSF from other watery discharge from the nose or ear after a traumatic injury to the brain and or spine. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is normally found only within the brain and the spinal canal. If you suf... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gallstones
Gallstones are hard lumps of crystals that develop within the gall bladder. The gall bladder is a small sac like organ located underneath the liver. Between meal times it collects and stores bile from the liver. Bile is a mixture of chemicals that help the digestion of food. At meal times the gall bladder squeezes the bile out and into the intestines.Stones develop from the chemicals in bile. They... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Cervical cancer
If your doctor suspects you have cervical cancer, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with cervical cancer, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Cervical screening test recommended if you are:Aged between 25 and 74.Sexually active or ever have been.A woman or person with a cervix. (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Anthrax
If your doctor suspects you have anthrax, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with anthrax, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Blood cultureCerebrospinal fluid examination (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Epilepsy
If your doctor suspects you have epilepsy, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with epilepsy, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Blood tests for infectionsCerebrospinal fluid examinationCarbamazepinePhenytoinValproate (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Gallstones
If your doctor suspects you have gallstones, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with gallstones, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.ind information about specific tests:Liver function testsFull blood countCreactive proteinAmylaseLipase (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Jaundice
If your doctor suspects you have Jaundice, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with jaundice, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Liver function testsBilirubinGGT (gammaglutamyl transferase)Hepatitis AHepatitis BHepatitis CFBC (Full blood count)PT (prothrombin time) (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Leukaemia
If your doctor suspects you have leukaemia, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with leukaemia, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood countBone marrow biopsy (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lymphoma
If your doctor suspects you have lymphoma, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with lymphoma, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood countBone marrow biopsyBcell Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Malaria
If your doctor suspects you have malaria, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with malaria, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Blood film examination (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Thalassaemia
If your doctor suspects you have thalassaemia, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with thalassaemia, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood countBlood filmIron studies (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vasculitis
If your doctor suspects you have vasculitis, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with vasculitis, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood countCreactive proteinComplementAntineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency
If your doctor suspects you have vitamin B12 & folate deficiency, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with vitamin B12 & folate deficiency, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Vitamin B12 & folateFull blood countHomocysteine (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
If your doctor suspects you have juvenile idiopathic arthritis, they may request one or more tests.If you are diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, some of these tests will be used to monitor and manage your condition.Find information about specific tests:Full blood count (FBC)Creactive protein (CRP)Antinuclear antibody (ANA)Rheumatoid factor (RF)CCP antibodiesHistocompatibility antigens (... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipoprotein (a)
Lipoprotein (a) (Lp (a)) is a type of socalled bad lipoprotein. Lipoproteins are tiny particles that carry cholesterol in the bloodstream. High levels of bad lipoproteins may lead to hardening of the arteries, and eventually, to heart attack, strokes and other vascular diseases.A tendency to high Lp(a) levels runs in families. That is, a persons Lp(a) level is due more to their genes than to facto... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

PMP22 gene
Defects in the PMP22 gene cause a person to experience weakness and wasting of the muscles of the lower legs and hands and decreased sensitivity to touch, heat, and cold. In addition, there are recurrent episodes of numbness, tingling, or loss of muscle function, triggered by pressure on a nerve such as when sitting for a long time. The DNA sequence of the PMP22 gene is determined to look for extr... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Hashimotos thyroiditis
Hashimotos thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that frequently results in hypothyroidism, or decreased thyroid gland function. It is the most common form of thyroiditis and most frequent cause of hypothyroidism.This disorder is caused by a reaction of the immune system against the thyroid gland. It may occur in people with a family history of thyroid diseases or with other autoimmu... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
The test is looking for evidence of infection by the herpes simplex virus, a common virus that may be sexually transmitted and causes small fever blisters (vesicles) on the mouth or genitals. There are two types of the herpes virus HSV1 and HSV2. HSV1 usually causes cold sores and both HSV1 and HSV2 can cause genital herpes.The test for herpes infection is a swab of a lesion. A person who has noti... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Whole Genome or Whole Exome Testing for Childhood Syndromes
Whole genome testing looks at DNA, reading the entire genetic code of a patient to try and determine if there are variants in genes which could be responsible for their clinical condition. Whole exome sequencing is sometimes performed instead which only looks at the code which contains the genes, and does not look at the so called, noncoding sequence. Whole genome/exome testing allows us to look f... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

RAS gene mutation
The KRAS an NRAS genes provides instructions for making proteins called KRas and NRas that are involved in very complex pathways regulating cell division. Both KRas and NRas bind a molecule called GTP and this switches them on and they become active in the signalling pathway sending signals to the cell nucleus. These signals reaching the nucleus cause the cells to start proliferating and change th... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Huntingtons disease
Huntingtons disease (HD) or chorea is a progressive, neurodegenerative genetic disorder characterised by chorea (involuntary movements), incoordination, cognitive decline and behavioural/personality changes. In general, symptoms develop in adults between the ages of 3050 years, although a small proportion (5%) show signs before the age of 20 years. This is referred to as Juvenileonset Huntingtons ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Lipoprotein electrophoresis
Lipoprotein electrophoresis separate the commonly measured lipoprotein fractions LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein, often called the bad cholesterol) into subfractions based on the size, density, and/or electrical charge. Rarely testing may also identify subfractions of VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein, also considered to be a bad cholesterol) or HDL (High Density Lipoprotein, often called good chol... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CA 125 (Cancer antigen 125)
CA125 is a protein often found on the surface of ovarian cancer cells and in some normal tissues. It is used as a marker for ovarian cancer. However, CA125 levels may also be high in noncancerous conditions, including pelvic inflammatory disease, any condition causing excessive fluid in the abdomen (ascites) such as liver disease and in healthy women during pregnancy and menstruation. CA125 is use... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Acid fast bacilli culture
Acidfast bacilli (AFB) are rod shaped bacteria. They get their name because they can be seen and counted under the microscope when smeared on a slide and treated with an acidfast staining procedure that differs from the routine stain. The most common and medically important acidfast bacilli are members of the genus Mycobacterium.Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent and infectiou... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Paracetamol level
The plasma paracetamol (or acetaminophen) concentration is being measured. The plasma paracetamol concentration is used to establish a diagnosis of paracetamol over dosage and to help decide on the need for treatment. Only when paracetamol over dosage is a possibility. The plasma paracetamol concentration at a known time point between 4 and 15 hours after a single overdose has been taken, indicate... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

HLA B5701
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are part of the immune system and are involved in the recognition of foreign substances such as drugs, viruses and bacteria. The HLAB gene is one type of HLA molecule and more than 1,500 different HLAB alleles have been identified. One particular allele HLAB57:01 is associated with an increased risk of being allergic to the antiHIV drug abacavir.   A spe... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Amino acids
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and form part of our diet. In order to break down or change (metabolise) the amino acids in our body, special proteins called enzymes are needed. If there is a change or mutation in the gene coding for an enzyme, the normal metabolism gets blocked and the amino acid builds up in the body and may be toxic. Plasma or urine amino acid testing separates ... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

Graves' disease
Graves disease is the most common cause of overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It is caused by an antibody that acts like thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH) and causes the thyroid gland to produce excess thyroid hormones.This antibody has been given a variety of names and abbreviations including: TSHreceptor antibodies (TRAbs or TSHRabs), thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI), thyroid bi... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

CA15-3 (Cancer antigen 15-3)
Cancer antigen 153 (CA 153) is a normal product of breast cells. Levels of CA 153 are often increased in breast cancer. CA 153 does not cause cancer rather, it is a protein that is shed by the tumour cells, making it useful as a marker to follow the course of the cancer.CA 153 is elevated in about 30% of women with localised breast cancer and in about 75% of those with breast cancer that has metas... (Search score: Incidental or minor relevance)

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